Table 4. Discography studies–pooled results.

MCs type(s)	Study	OR (95% CI)
MCs, any type	Braithwaite 1998 [52]	9.13 (2.06–40.56)
	Ito 1998 [53]	5.14 (1.25–21.09)
	Weishaupt 2001 [54]	19.93 (5.50–72.31)
	Kokkonen 2002 [55]	1.19 (0.52–2.73)
	Lim 2005 [56]	0.46 (0.12–1.77)
	O'Neill 2008 [57]	8.69 (3.03–24.96)
	Kang 2009 [58]	1.09 (0.4–2.95)
	Chen 2011 [60]	14.91 (6.41–34.67)
	TOTAL (Random)	4.01 (1.52–10.61)
MCs1	Braithwaite 1998 [52]	9.58 (0.52–176.75)£
	Weishaupt 2001 [54]	13.59 (2.92–63.28)*
	Kokkonen 2002 [55]	1.34 (0.48–4.00)
	O'Neill 2008 [57]	7.90 (1.79–34.97)
	Thompson 2009 [59]	9.32 (6.17–14.09)*
	TOTAL (Random)	6.14 (2.47–15.27)
MCs2	Braithwaite 1998 [52]	6.96 (1.54–31.50)
	Weishaupt 2001 [54]	15.46 (1.89–126.67)**
	Kokkonen 2002 [55]	1.03 (0.36–2.95)
	O'Neill 2008 [57]	9.48 (2.17–41.37)
	Thompson 2009 [59]	0.90 (0.62–1.31)**
	TOTAL (Random)	3.15 (1.00–9.93)

The association between Modic changes and LBP for studies using concordant pain on provocative discography as outcome.¨

*: MCs1 vs. non-MCs1

**: MCs2 vs. non-MCs2

£: Added 0.5 to all cells in 2x2 table.