Table 4. Defect repair data for studies evaluating therapies based on pharmaceuticals (16 therapies, 14 studies).
| Study | Therapy | Species | Maximum length of survival (days) | Outcome | Overall effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alic 2016 [92] | Cilostazol | Rats | 21 | No difference between groups at end of 21 days | = |
| Baht 2017 [93] | Nefopam | Mice | 21 | Treatment with Nefopam resulted in fracture calluses that contained higher proportions of bone and lower proportions of fibrous tissue | → |
| Bernick 2014 [94] | Lithium | Rats | 28 | Fracture healing was maximised with low dose, later onset and longer treatment duration of lithium, resulting in significantly greater yield torque in the therapeutic group | ↑ |
| Cai 2015 [95] | Lithium | Rabbits | 84 | New bone area for lithium containing mesoporous bioglass markedly higher than that for lithium containing bioglass at 56 and 84 days | → |
| Cakmak 2015 [96] | Pentoxyfylline | Rats | 56 | No bone growth in control or systemic pentoxyfylline only groups | = |
| Cakmak 2015 [96] | Pentoxyfylline + iliac crest autograft | Rats | 56 | Radiological bone union was observed in the iliac crest autograft and systemic pentoxyfylline group compared to no new bone growth in the control group | → |
| Del Rosario 2015 [97] | Simvastatin | Rats | 56 | No significant difference between groups | = |
| Donneys 2013 [98] | Deferoxamine | Rats | 40 | Greater union rate in treatment group than in irradiated group, but both less than control group | ↓ |
| Fan 2017 [99] | Phenamil | Rats | 86 | Incomplete mandibular restoration was observed in the defect treated with phenamil alone | ? |
| Fan 2017 [99] | Phenamil + BMP | Rats | 86 | Addition of BMP to phenamil synergistically augmented bone healing, resulting in almost complete bone healing | → |
| Ishack 2017 [100] | Dipyridamole | Mice | 56 | Significant increase in percentage of bone regenerated in dipyridamole group compared to control group | ↑ |
| Kutan 2016 [101] | Doxycycline | Rats | 28 | Osteogenesis in the test group was significantly higher than that of the control group | ↑ |
| Limirio 2016 [102] | Doxycycline + alendronate | Rats | 15 | Statistically greater bone density in therapeutic group compared to control group at 15 days | ↑ |
| Wada 2013 [103] | Salicylic acid | Rats | 84 | Significantly higher new bone in defect in therapeutic group compared to control group | ↑ |
| Werkman 2006 [104] | Risedronate | Rats | 28 | No significant difference between therapeutic and control groups | = |
| Wixted 2009 [105] | Zileuton | Mice | 28 | Net increase in callus size relative to control | → |
↑ indicates statistically significant effect on bone formation in trial therapy compared to control
→ indicates greater bone formation in trial therapy compared to control, but the effect did not reach statistical significance
= indicates no difference in bone formation rates between the therapeutic or control groups
↓ indicates less effect on bone formation in trial therapy compared to control
? indicates results are unclear, and no effect size could be determined