Table 1:
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of CKD and control groups
| Characteristic | CKD (n=82) |
Control (n=63) |
P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 16.3 +/− 3.8 | 15.9 +/− 4.0 | 0.5 |
| Male sex | 54 (66%) | 33 (52%) | 0.1 |
| African-American race | 20 (24%) | 23 (37%) | 0.1 |
| Annual income ≤$36,000 $36,000-$75,000 >$75,000 |
32 (40%) 15 (19%) 33 (41%) |
21 (34%) 15 (24%) 26 (42%) |
0.6 |
| Private insurance | 55 (68%) | 43 (69%) | 0.9 |
| Maternal education High school or less College Post-graduate |
38 (46%) 33 (40%) 11 (14%) |
22 (35%) 24 (38%) 17 (27%) |
0.1 |
| Premature birth | 28 (34%) | 10 (16%) | 0.01 |
| Hematocrit | 38.2 +/− 4.8 | 41.4 +/− 3.4 | <0.001 |
| Duration of CKD, years | 9.9 +/− 6.2 | - | - |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 48 +/− 24 | 99 +/− 20 | <0.001 |
| eGFR category | |||
| ≥ 45 mL/min/1.73m2 | 43 (52%) | ||
| <45 mL/min/1.73m2 | 39 (48%) | ||
| Glomerular diagnosisa | 27 (33%) | ||
| Urinary protein-creatinine ratio (mg/mg) Median Mean |
0.4 [0.1–1.4] 1.3 +/− 2.4 |
||
| Ever on dialysis | 15 (18.5%) | ||
| Current functioning kidney transplant | 21 (26%) | ||
| First RRT at age ≤ 5 years | 6 (7%) | ||
| Neurocognitive performance b | |||
| Attention | −0.32 [−0.13, −0.52] | ||
| Language | −0.24 [0.00, −0.50] | ||
| Verbal Memory | −0.96 [−0.50, −1.41] | ||
| Verbal Working Memory | −0.72 [−0.29, −1.15] | ||
| Visual Memory | − 0.44 [−0.13, −0.76] | ||
| Visual Spatial | −0.47 [−0.22, −0.73] | ||
| Inhibitory Control | −0.28 [−0.11, −0.45] |
Continuous variables given as mean +/− standard deviation or median [interquartile range]; categorical variables as count (percentage).
CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; RRT, renal replacement therapy
a
Out of N=81; N=1 missing
b
difference in z scores between CKD and control groups; values in parentheses are 95% confidence intervals. Adjusted for age, race, sex, and maternal education; N=92 CKD and 70 controls. Data previously published in Ref. 5.