Table 1.
Lifestyle and dietary characteristics (means and sd) of Nurses’ Health Study (n=74,446) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (n=36,602) participants at time of entrya to study according to low and high quintiles of diet quality scores.
| Alternate Mediteranean Diet Scoreb |
Alternative HealthyEating Index-2010c |
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension scored |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q5 | Q1 | Q5 | Q1 | Q5 | |
| WOMEN | ||||||
| Age at entry to study (years) | 52.6 ± 4.4 | 53.8 ± 3.9 | 52.8 ± 4.9 | 53.7 ± 4.0 | 52.3 ± 4.5 | 54.0 ± 3.9 |
| Menopausal hormone use (%) | 30.1 | 32.8 | 27.8 | 39.4 | 31.5 | 29.2 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 ± 5.0 | 25.1 ± 4.4 | 25.9 ± 5.2 | 25.1 ± 4.3 | 25.7 ± 5.2 | 24.8 ± 4.3 |
| Leisure-Time Physical activity (MET-hours/wk) | 11 ± 13 | 20 ± 17 | 11 ± 12 | 21 ± 18 | 11 ± 12 | 21 ± 18 |
| Current smoker (%) | 31.3 | 15.7 | 27.4 | 13.4 | 34.1 | 15.0 |
| History of diabetes (%) | 2.7 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 3.3 |
| Anti-inflammatory steroids (%) | 1.8 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 1.5 |
| Thiazide (%) | 12.9 | 13.7 | 12.9 | 14.5 | 13.9 | 13.2 |
| Lasix (%) | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 1.2 |
| Multivitamin supplement (%) | 32.3 | 45.8 | 34.0 | 48.6 | 31.2 | 46.9 |
| aMed score | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 6.6 ± 0.7 | 2.8 ± 1.4 | 5.6 ± 1.6 | 2.3 ± 1.3 | 5.9 ± 1.3 |
| AHEI-2010 score | 42.1 ± 8.8 | 58.4 ± 9.8 | 35.8 ± 4.3 | 66.7 ± 5.4 | 40.9 ± 8.3 | 60.1 ± 9.4 |
| DASH score | 19.6 ± 3.6 | 28.3 ± 3.4 | 19.4 ± 3.9 | 27.9 ± 3.7 | 17.0 ± 2.0 | 30.7 ± 1.7 |
| Energy (kcal/d) | 1475 ± 473 | 1855 ± 514 | 1879 ± 503 | 1638 ± 507 | 1700 ± 511 | 1665 ± 490 |
| Alcohol (g/d) | 6 ± 12 | 7 ± 8 | 7 ± 15 | 6 ± 7 | 7 ± 12 | 6 ± 9 |
| Caffeine (mg/d) | 361 ± 258 | 317 ± 245 | 323 ± 234 | 270 ± 216 | 368 ± 257 | 304 ± 248 |
| Total calcium (mg/d) e | 832 ± 457 | 954 ± 429 | 840 ± 408 | 1133 ± 546 | 712 ± 400 | 1055 ± 438 |
| Supplemental calcium (mg/d) | 116 ± 287 | 193 ± 370 | 155 ± 313 | 341 ± 442 | 128 ± 298 | 166 ± 354 |
| Total vitamin D (IU/d) e | 303 ± 255 | 388 ± 285 | 280 ± 211 | 419 ± 303 | 259 ± 216 | 427 ± 314 |
| Supplemental vitamin D (IU/d) | 104 ± 194 | 163 ± 263 | 111 ± 193 | 186 ± 259 | 97 ± 185 | 173 ± 281 |
| Total retinol (IU/d) e | 4091 ± 4986 | 5233 ±6213 | 3519 ± 3594 | 5526 ± 6470 | 3381 ± 3984 | 6106 ± 6973 |
| Supplemental retinol (IU/d) | 1650 ± 3862 | 2900 ± 5949 | 1645 ± 3411 | 3187 ± 5770 | 1435 ± 3437 | 3280 ± 6326 |
| Fruits (servings/d) | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 3.2 ± 1.6 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 2.7 ± 1.6 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 3.4 ± 1.7 |
| Vegetables (servings/d) | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 3.4 ± 2.0 | 2.3 ± 1.2 | 4.1 ± 2.1 | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 3.3 ± 2.0 |
| Red meat (servings/d) | 0.7 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ±0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.5 ± 0.3 |
| Processed meat (servings/d) | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.2 |
| Poultry (servings/d) | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.3 |
| Whole grains (servings/d) | 0.5 ± 0.7 | 1.5 ± 1.1 | 0.7 ± 0.9 | 1.4 ± 1.3 | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 1.2 |
| Refined grains (servings/d) | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 1.4 ± 1.2 | 2.2 ± 1.6 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 1.9 ± 1.4 | 1.0 ± 1.0 |
| Sugar sweetened beverages (servings/d) | 0.8 ± 1.1 | 0.7 ± 0.9 | 0.8 ± 1.1 | 0.7 ± 1.0 | 1.0 ± 1.2 | 0.6 ± 0.9 |
| Low fat dairy (servings/d) | 0.7 ± 1.0 | 1.0 ± 0.9 | 0.9 ± 1.0 | 1.2 ± 1.0 | 0.6 ± 0.9 | 1.2 ± 1.0 |
| MEN | ||||||
| Age at entry (years) | 56.0 ± 6.1 | 57.7 ± 6.6 | 56.2 ± 6.2 | 57.6 ± 6.6 | 55.5 ± 5.8 | 58.3 ± 6.7 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.1 ± 3.3 | 25.1 ± 2.9 | 26.1 ± 3.4 | 25.1 ±2.9 | 26.1 ± 3.3 | 25.0 ± 3.0 |
| Leisure-Time Physical activity (MET-hours/wk) | 19 ± 24 | 30 ± 29 | 19 ± 24 | 30 ± 29 | 19 ± 24 | 30 ± 29 |
| Current smoker (%) | 13.0 | 3.6 | 13.4 | 3.9 | 14.1 | 3.2 |
| History of diabetes (%) | 2.1 | 2.6 | 2.0 | 3.1 | 1.4 | 3.7 |
| Anti-inflammatory steroids (%) | 0.01 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Thiazide (%) | 8.1 | 8.4 | 8.2 | 8.8 | 7.4 | 9.3 |
| Lasix (%) | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 |
| Multivitamin supplement (%) | 37.6 | 51.4 | 37.8 | 50.1 | 36.3 | 51.3 |
| aMed score | 1.5 ±0.6 | 7.4 ±0.6 | 2.6 ±1.4 | 6.1 ± 1.5 | 2.5 ±1.4 | 6.2 ±1.3 |
| AHEI-2010 score | 42.7 ± 8.9 | 64.9 ± 9.0 | 37.7 ±4.7 | 70.0 ± 5.4 | 43.4 ±8.8 | 63.8 ± 9.5 |
| DASH score | 18.6 ±3.7 | 30.0 ±3.9 | 19.5 ± 4.2 | 29.2 ± 4.3 | 16.8 ±2.1 | 31.5 ±2.3 |
| Energy (kcal/d) | 1757 ± 538 | 2249 ± 602 | 2119 ± 593 | 1888 ± 580 | 1827 ± 571 | 2158 ± 594 |
| Alcohol (g/d) | 12 ± 18 | 12 ± 11 | 14 ± 21 | 10 ± 10 | 12 ± 16 | 10 ± 14 |
| Caffeine (mg/d) | 267 ± 239 | 188 ± 201 | 272 ± 241 | 194 ± 206 | 281 ± 239 | 180 ± 203 |
| Total calcium (mg/d)e | 892 ± 447 | 939 ± 406 | 851 ± 401 | 984 ± 479 | 750 ± 364 | 1083 ±464 |
| Supplemental Calcium (mg/d) | 68 ± 210 | 152 ± 327 | 66 ± 206 | 159 ± 339 | 63 ± 198 | 158 ± 338 |
| Total vitamin D (IU/d)e | 360 ± 290 | 497 ± 328 | 337 ± 251 | 506 ± 363 | 323 ± 276 | 511 ± 341 |
| Supplemental vitamin D (IU/d) | 114 ± 231 | 195 ± 286 | 113 ± 210 | 191 ± 289 | 108 ± 211 | 194 ± 289 |
| Total retinol (IU/d)e | 4784 ± 5784 | 6168 ± 6824 | 3427 ± 4753 | 6436 ± 7660 | 4335 ± 5364 | 6422 ± 7259 |
| Supplemental retinol (IU/d) | 2006 ± 4559 | 4064 ± 6900 | 1928 ± 4306 | 3961 ± 6876 | 1866 ± 4304 | 4038 ± 7102 |
| Fruits (servings/d) | 1.1 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 1.8 | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 2.9 ± 1.8 | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 3.3 ± 1.9 |
| Vegetables (servings/d) | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 4.3 ± 2.0 | 2.0 ± 1.1 | 3.9 ± 2.1 | 1.8 ± 1.0 | 4.1 ± 2.1 |
| Red meat (servings/d) | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.4 |
| Processed meat (servings/d) | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.6 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 0.2 ± 0.3 |
| Poultry (servings/d) | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.3 |
| Whole grains (servings/d) | 0.7 ± 0.8 | 2.4 ± 1.7 | 1.1 ± 1.1 | 2.1 ± 1.8 | 0.7 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ±1.7 |
| Refined grains (servings/d) | 1.6 ± 1.3 | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 2.0 ± 1.5 | 1.3 ± 1.1 | 1.7 ± 1.4 | 1.5 ± 1.2 |
| Sugar sweetened beverages (servings/d) | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.5 ± 0.8 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.7 | 0.1 ±0.3 |
| Low fat dairy (servings/d) | 0.8 ± 1.1 | 1.0 ± 1.0 | 0.9 ± 1.1 | 0.9 ± 0.9 | 0.5 ± 0.7 | 1.4 ± 1.2 |
a
menopause for women, age 50 or older for men
b
The components of the Alternate Mediterranean Diet Score are (possible range 0–9 points): high intakes of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts, legumes, fish, monounsaturated-to-saturated fat ratio, low intake of red and processed meats, moderate alcohol consumption.
c
The components of the Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 (possible range 0–110 points) awards points for: higher intakes of vegetables, whole fruits, nuts and legumes, whole grains, polyunsaturated fat, and long chain n-3 fatty acids; for lower intakes of red and processed meats, sugar sweetened beverages and fruit juice, trans fat, and sodium; and for moderate intake of alcohol
d
The Dietary Approaches awards points for (possible range 8–40 points) higher intakes of fruits, vegetables, nuts and legumes, whole grains, and low-fat dairy products, low intake of red and processed meats, sodium, sugar sweetened beverages.
e
energy adjusted