Table 2.
Relative risks (95% CI) for hip fractures according quintiles of cumulative dietary quality scores in the Nurses’ Health Study (n=74,446, postmenopausal) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (n=36,602, age 50+) participants
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P trend | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alternate Mediterranean Diet Score a | |||||||
| WOMEN | |||||||
| Median index score | 2.0 | 3.3 | 4.1 | 5.0 | 6.2 | ||
| No. of cases | 402 | 484 | 455 | 414 | 388 | ||
| Age and energy adjusted | 1 | 1.01 (0.88, 1.15) | 0.90 (0.78, 1.03) | 0.80 (0.69, 0.91) | 0.81 (0.70, 0.94) | <0.001 | |
| Age, energy, physical activity adjusted | 1 | 1.05 (0.92, 1.20) | 0.97 (0.85, 1.12) | 0.89 (0.77, 1.03) | 0.94 (0.81, 1.10) | 0.03 | |
| Above + BMI | 1 | 1.06 (0.92, 1.21) | 0.98 (0.86, 1.13) | 0.89 (0.77, 1.03) | 0.92 (0.79, 1.07) | 0.01 | |
| Multivariable adjusted b | 1 | 1.06 (0.93, 1.22) | 1.01 (0.87, 1.16) | 0.92 (0.79, 1.07) | 0.96 (0.81, 1.12) | 0.08 | |
| MEN | |||||||
| Median index score | 2.0 | 3.3 | 4.3 | 5.3 | 6.7 | ||
| No. of cases | 100 | 120 | 132 | 128 | 123 | ||
| Age and energy adjusted | 1 | 1.00 (0.76, 1.31) | 0.97 (0.74, 1.27) | 0.87 (0.66, 1.15) | 0.92 (0.69, 1.21) | 0.34 | |
| Age, energy, physical activity adjusted | 1 | 1.02 (0.78, 1.25) | 1.02 (0.77, 1.33) | 0.93 (0.70, 1.23) | 0.93 (0.70, 1.23) | 0.78 | |
| Above + BMI | 1 | 1.02 (0.77, 1.34) | 1.00 (0.76, 1.31) | 0.91 (0.69, 1.21) | 0.94 (0.70, 1.26) | 0.50 | |
| Multivariable adjusted b | 1 | 1.04 (0.78, 1.36) | 1.01 (0.76, 1.33) | 0.92 (0.69, 1.22) | 0.92 (0.69, 1.22) | 0.56 | |
| Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 c | |||||||
| WOMEN | |||||||
| Median index score | 40.3 | 47.7 | 53.0 | 58.4 | 66.2 | ||
| No. of cases | 423 | 406 | 390 | 323 | 316 | ||
| Age and energy adjusted | 1 | 0.94 (0.83, 1.06) | 0.91 (0.80, 1.03) | 0.81 (0.71, 0.92) | 0.76 (0.67, 0.87) | <0.001 | |
| Age, energy, physical activity adjusted | 1 | 0.98 (0.87, 1.11) | 0.97 (0.86, 1.00) | 0.90 (0.79, 1.02) | 0.87 (0.76, 1.00) | 0.02 | |
| Above + BMI | 1 | 1.00 (0.88, 1.14) | 1.00 (0.88, 1.13) | 0.91 (0.80, 1.04) | 0.85 (0.74, 0.98) | 0.01 | |
| Multivariable adjusted b | 1 | 1.00 (0.88, 1.14) | 1.01 (0.89, 1.14) | 0.93 (0.81, 1.06) | 0.87 (0.75, 1.00) | 0.02 | |
| MEN | |||||||
| Median index score | 40.9 | 48.8 | 54.5 | 60.4 | 68.5 | ||
| No. of cases | 106 | 115 | 126 | 120 | 136 | ||
| Age and energy adjusted | 1 | 0.86 (0.66, 1.13) | 0.90 (0.69, 1.18) | 0.79 (0.60, 1.04) | 0.86 (0.66, 1.12) | 0.22 | |
| Age, energy, physical activity adjusted | 1 | 0.88 (0.67, 1.16) | 0.94 (0.72, 1.23) | 0.84 (0.64, 0.10) | 0.93 (0.71, 1.22) | 0.58 | |
| Above + BMI | 1 | 0.89 (0.68, 1.17) | 0.94 (0.71, 1.23) | 0.83 (0.63, 1.10) | 0.89 (0.68, 1.17) | 0.35 | |
| Multivariable adjusted b | 1 | 0.88 (0.67, 1.16) | 0.93 (0.71, 1.22) | 0.83 (0.63, 1.09) | 0.88 (0.67, 1.17) | 0.34 | |
| Dietary Approaches to Stop | |||||||
| Hypertension score d | |||||||
| WOMEN | |||||||
| Median index score | 18.6 | 22.0 | 24.1 | 26.4 | 29.5 | ||
| No. of cases | 333 | 471 | 468 | 434 | 437 | ||
| Age and energy adjusted | 1 | 1.10 (0.95, 1.27) | 0.98 (0.85, 1.13) | 0.85 (0.73, 0.98) | 0.82 (0.71, 0.95) | <0.001 | |
| Age, energy, physical activity adjusted | 1 | 1.16 (1.00, 1.33) | 1.06 (0.92, 1.23) | 0.95 (0.82, 1.10) | 0.95 (0.82, 1.11) | 0.03 | |
| Above + BMI | 1 | 1.19 (1.03, 1.37) | 1.11 (0.96, 1.28) | 0.98 (0.85, 1.14) | 0.95 (0.82, 1.11) | 0.02 | |
| Multivariable adjusted b | 1 | 1.19 (1.03, 1.37) | 1.12 (0.96, 1.29) | 0.99 (0.85, 1.15) | 0.95 (0.81, 1.11) | 0.03 | |
| MEN | |||||||
| Median index score | 18.0 | 21.7 | 24.1 | 27.0 | 30.7 | ||
| No. of cases | 88 | 122 | 121 | 123 | 149 | ||
| Age and energy adjusted | 1 | 1.00 (0.76, 1.33) | 0.93 (0.70, 1.23) | 0.88 (0.66, 1.17) | 0.97 (0.73, 1.28) | 0.52 | |
| Age, energy, physical activity adjusted | 1 | 1.03 (0.77, 1.36) | 0.97 (0.73, 1.29) | 0.94 (0.70, 1.25) | 1.05 (0.79, 1.40) | 0.98 | |
| Above + BMI | 1 | 1.03 (0.78, 1.37) | 0.96 (0.73, 1.29) | 0.93 (0.69, 1.24) | 1.00 (0.75, 1.33) | 0.65 | |
| Multivariable adjusted b | 1 | 1.04 (0.78, 1.38) | 0.97 (0.72, 1.29) | 0.92 (0.68, 1.23) | 0.98 (0.73, 1.31) | 0.50 | |
Possible range 0–9 points, higher score represents better adherence to the Mediterranean diet.
adjusted for age, energy intake, BMI, height, smoking, leisure-time physical activity, post menopausal hormone use (women), thiazides, lasix, anti-inflammatory steroids, multivitamin supplements, supplemental intakes of calcium, retinol, and vitamin D, intake of caffeine, sugar sweetened beverages (Alternate Mediterranean Diet Score only), and alcohol (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Score only), history of diabetes.
Possible range 0–110 points, higher score represents a healthier diet.
Possible range 8–40 points, higher score represents better adherence to the DASH diet.