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. 2018 Aug 1;8:11540. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29915-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Changes in running distances and pain behaviors during the VWR period. (A) Protocol of VWR. Naive-, Sham- and PSL-Runner mice were allowed to run freely on the running wheel, whereas Sedentary mice were reared in cages with a locked running wheel. Naive-Runner, Sham-Runner and PSL-Runner mice were placed in individual cages equipped with a low-profile wireless mouse running wheel. (B) Changes in running distances by Runner mice. (C) Changes in diurnal variation in running distances by PSL-Runner mice (n = 7). (D) von Frey and (E) plantar tests were performed for all experimental groups. Mechanical withdrawal thresholds and thermal withdrawal latencies were significantly higher for PSL-Runner mice than for PSL-Sedentary mice (*p < 0.01). Significant positive correlations were observed between total running distances during the 13-day period after PSL, and (F) the withdrawal threshold (R = 0.934, p < 0.001, n = 9) and (G) withdrawal latency (R = 0.929, p < 0.001, n = 8).