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. 2018 Aug 1;8:11540. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29915-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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VWR/PSL-induced changes in lVTA-dopamine neurons. (A) Photomicrographs showing the anatomical region of lVTA with TH immunostaining (red). ml: medial lemniscus, fr: fasciculus retroflexus, lVTA: lateral VTA, mVTA: medial VTA. Photomicrographs show activated dopamine neurons in the lVTA of (B,C) Naive-Sedentary, (D,E) Naive-Runner, (F,G) Sham-Sedentary, (H,I) Sham-Runner, (J,K) PSL-Sedentary and (L,M) PSL-Runner mice. (B,D,F,H,J and L) indicate FosBΔFosB⁺ immunoreactivity, whereas (C,E,G,I,K and M) indicate dual immunostaining (FosBΔFosB⁺ TH⁺ DAPI). Bars: (A) = 200 μm, (B–M) = 70 μm. (N) A bar chart showing the proportion of activated dopamine neurons (TH⁺ FosBΔFosB⁺/TH⁺) in the lVTA in each group. As shown in (A) a square of 200 μm × 200 μm in size was placed on the lVTA in microscopy images, and TH⁺ FosBΔFosB⁺ cells within were counted. PSL significantly decreased the proportion of activated lVTA-DA neurons compared with that in other groups (n = 6, *p < 0.01 vs other groups), whereas VWR significantly increased the proportion of activated lVTA-DA neurons compared with that in other groups (n = 6, ^#p < 0.01 vs all sedentary groups).