Table 2.
An overview of the literature regarding studies with no reports of significant microstructural changes of inferior longitudinal fasciculus and in association with different variables in Parkinson's disease.
| Study | Groups studies | Number of participants (Males) | Mean age ± SD (years) | Disease duration (mean years ± SD) | Field strength (Tesla) | b-value (s/mm2) | Analysis method | Symptom or condition | Methodological assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agosta et al. (65) | PD-NC PD-MCI HC | 13 (6) 30 (123) 33 (17) |
63.9 ± 7.1 66.6 ± 8.2 64 ± 7.3 | 10.0 ± 7.1 8.7 ± 5.9 | 1.5 | 1,000 | TBSS | Cognitive decline: PD-MCI < PD-NC: all domains except for the language subtest of the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (between-groups comparison, correlation with cognition scores) | MMSE, Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Revised, Frontal Assessment Battery, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test for memory, attention, visuospatial abilities, language, verbal fluency and executive functions |
| Rektor et al. (66) | PD-NC HC | 20 (11) 21 (8) |
61.9 ± 7.63 57.9 ± 7.24 | 5.6 ± 5 years | 3 | 1,000 | TBSS | Intact cognition (between-groups comparison) | Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, Tower of London, Stroop Test, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test, Wechsler Memory Scale III, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-, Third Edition, Verbal Fluency Test for visuospatial, memory, attention, language, and executive function |
| Price et al. (67) | PD Non-PD | 40 (32) 40 (33) |
67.80 ± 5.44 68.18 ± 4.64 | 7.50 ± 5.15 | 3 | 1,000 | TBSS | Cognitive decline: PD < non-PD: processing speed, working memory, Reasoning, visual perceptual/spatial, and memory composite scores (between-groups comparison, correlation with cognition scores) | A battery of neuropsychiatric tests |
| Ansari et al. (68) | PD-RBD PD-non-RBD | 23 (18) 31 (20) |
59.43 ± 10.97 60.64 ± 8.65 | 7.95 ± 8.76 months 7.32 ± 8.19 months | 3 | 1,000 | Connectometry | RBD (between-groups comparison) | RBD screening questionnaire |
| Lim et al. (69) | PD-RBD PD-non-RBD HC | 24 (12) 14 (8) 25 (13) |
69.8 ± 6.4 69.7 ± 7.2 68.5 ± 6.6 | 6.2 ± 2.9 4.4 ± 3.7 | 3 | 800 | TBSS | RBD (between-groups comparison) | RBD screening questionnaire, confirmed with videopolysomnography |
| Chondrogiorgi et al. (70) | PD-EDS PD-non-EDS | 24 (14) 14 (10) |
65.8 65.7 | 8.2 5.7 | 1.5 | 700 | TBSS | Excessive Daytime sleepiness (between-groups comparison) | Epworth Sleepiness Scale |
| Zhang et al. (71) | PD-apathy PD-non-apathy | 18 (11) 21 (14) |
62.28 ± 13.02 60.24 ± 10.32 | 4.06 ± 2.34 3.74 ± 2.50 | 3 | 1,000 | PANDA | Apathy (between-groups comparison and correlation with apathy scores) | Diagnosis: criteria for apathy Severity: Lille Apathy Rating Scale |
| Canu et al. (72) | PD-punding PD-non-ICB HC | 21 (18) 28 (19) 28 (19) |
63.8 ± 8.8 63.6 ± 6.5 61.9 ± 8.3 | 9.4 ± 5.4 9.7 ± 5.4 | 1.5 | 1,000 | tractography | Punding | Diagnosis: Clinical interview Severity: Punding Rating Scale |
| Yoo et al. (73) | PD-ICD PD-non-ICD HC | 10 (7) 9 (6) 18 (10) |
54.5 ± 6.2 59.6 ± 8.6 54.4 ± 6.5 | 10.2 ± 7.3 10.6 ± 3.9 | 3 | 1,000 | TBSS | Impulsive compulsive disorder (between-groups comparison) | Diagnosis based on one or more behaviors that met the criteria of the American Psychiatric Association (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision, 1994) |
| Wang et al. (74) | PD-FOG PD-non-FOG HC | 14 (9) 16 (10) 16 (8) |
72.36 ± 6.15 68.88 ± 6.0 68.56 ± 2.56 | 3.29 ± 1.65 3.70 ± 2.94 | 3 | 1,000 | PANDA, TBSS | Freezing of gait (between-groups comparison and correlation with FOG severity scores) | Diagnosis: UPDRS III Severity: Freezing of gait questionnaire |
| Vercruysse et al. (75) | PD-FOG PD-non-FOG HC | 11 (8) 15 (11) 15 (11) |
68.6 ± 8.7 67.6 ± 5.6 68.1 ± 6.5 | 9.5 ± 3.7 7.6 ± 5.3 | 3 | 7,000, 1,000, 2,800 | TBSS | Freezing of gait (between-groups comparison and correlation with FOG severity scores) | A score of 1 or higher on the New FOG Questionnaire |
| Canu et al. (76) | PD-FOG HC | 23 (7) 35 (15) |
66.9 ± 8.0 67.7 ± 7.6 | PD-FOG = at least 5 years | 1.5, 3 | 900 | TBSS | Freezing of gate (between-groups comparison and correlation with FOG severity scores) | Diagnosis: A score of 1 or higher on the New FOG Questionnaire Severity: FOG Questionnaire |
| Lee et al. (77) | PD | 12 (2) | 60.3 ± 9.1 | 1.2 ± 0.8 | 3 | 600 | TBSS | sequence effect (Correlation) | Pentagon drawing test |
| Gu et al. (78) | PD-PIGD PD-non-PIGD | 12 (8) 12 (7) |
55.7 ± 8.1 56.0 ± 8.4 | 3.2 ± 3.1 8.0 ± 3.8 | 3 | 1,000 | VBA | Postural instability and gait difficulty (between-groups comparison) | Mean tremor score/mean PIGD score |
| Haghshomar et al. (79) | PD | 81 (49) | 57.5 ± 8.5 | 6.9 ± 9 | 3 | 1,000 | Connectometry | Peripheral inflammation (Correlation) | Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio |
| Zhang et al. (80) | PD HC | 122 (79) 50 (32) |
60.5 ± 9 60.6 ± 11 |
Not specified | 3 | 1,000 | ROI | Longitudinal changes in regional DTI and correlation with other markers | UPDRS, MoCa, Putaminal DAT and CSF biomarkers (α-synuclein, β-amyloid, total and phosphorylated tau proteins) |
| Kim et al. (81) | PD HC | 64 (22) 64 (22) |
62.9 ± 9 63.0 ± 8.9 |
5.3 ± 5.4 | 3 | 800 | TBSS | microstructural deficits in PD (between-groups comparison) | - |
| Agosta et al. (82) | PD-GBA PD-non-carrier HC | 15 (9) 14 (8) 16 (9) |
64 ± 8 64 ± 7 64 ± 8 |
10 ± 6 11 ± 6 |
1.5 | 1,000 | TBSS | Glucocerebrosidase gene mutations (between-groups comparison and correlation of DTI metrics with cognitive scores) | - |
| Kikuchi et al. (83) | PD-MIBG-H PD-MIBG-L | 12 (5) 12 (5) |
66.8 ± 4.9 67.4 ± 6.1 | 1 ± 1.3 2 ± 1.9 | 3 | 800 | TBSS | MIBG uptake | I-MIBG scintigraphy |
PD, Parkinson's disease; HC, healthy controls; FA, fractional anisotropy; MD, mean diffusivity; TBSS, tract-based spatial statistics; ROI, region of interest; VBA, voxel- based analyses; PANDA, pipeline for analyzing brain diffusion images; PDD, PD with dementia; PD-MCI, PD with mild cognitive impairment; PD-NC, PD with normal cognition; RBD, REM sleep behavior disorder; ESS, excessive daytime sleepiness; ICB, impulsive compulsive behaviors; ICD, impulsive compulsive disorder; FOG, freezing of gait; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; MoCA, Montreal cognitive assessment; UPDRS, unified Parkinson's disease rating scale; GBA, glucocerebrosidase gene mutations; MIBG, I-metaiodobenzylguanidine; MIBG-H, high MIBG uptake; MIBG-L, low MIBG uptake.