Table 2.
Pharmaceutical care technologies.
| Author (year) | Title of study | Journal | Place | Methodology | Sample Size n = patients m = staff p = providers | Study Design | Intended market | Primary outcome | Study type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TELEHEALTH | |||||||||
| Aberger et al. (2014) | Enhancing patient engagement and blood pressure management for renal transplant recipients via home electronic monitoring and web-enabled collaborative care | Telemedicine and e-Health | USA | Quantitative | n = 66 | Retrospective cohort study | Hospital pharmacy | Blood pressure | Clinical (Positive) |
| Brunetti et al. (2016) | The CAPITAL study (CArdiovascular Prevention wIth Telecardiology in ApuLia): preliminary results | Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine | Italy | Quantitative | n = 1000 | Retrospective cohort study | Community pharmacy | BMI; BP; Serum total cholesterol levels | Clinical (Negative) |
| Cole et al. (2012) | Rural inpatient telepharmacy consultation demonstration for after-hours medication review | Telemedicine and e-Health | USA | Quantitative | n = 302 | Retrospective cohort study | Hospital pharmacy | Medication errors | Clinical (Positive) |
| Desko and Nazario (2014) | Evaluation of a clinical video telehealth pain management clinic | Journal of Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy | USA | Qualitative | n = 39 | Prospective observational study | Primary care | Satisfaction of CVT pain management clinic | Clinical (Positive) Economic (Positive) |
| Fortney et al. (2013) | Practice-based versus telemedicine-based collaborative care for depression in rural federally qualified health centers: a pragmatic randomized comparative effectiveness trial | The American Journal of Psychiatry | USA | Quantitative | n = 364 | Randomized-controlled trial | Primary care | Treatment response; Remission and changes in depression severity | Clinical (Positive) |
| Fortney et al. (2015) | Telemedicine-based collaborative care for posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized clinical trial | JAMA Psychiatry | USA | Quantitative | n = 265 | Randomized-controlled trial | Primary care | Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale | Clinical (Positive) |
| Gordon et al. (2012) | Telepharmacy in a rural Alberta community cancer network | Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice | Canada | Qualitative | n = 47; m = 97 | Formative study | Primary care | Satisfaction of telepharmacy service | Clinical (Positive) |
| Kooy et al. (2015) | Patients' general satisfaction with telephone counseling by pharmacists and effects on satisfaction with information and beliefs about medicines: Results from a cluster randomized trial | Patient Education and Counseling | Netherlands | Quantitative | n = 211 | Randomized-controlled trial | Community pharmacy | Proportion of adherent patients, based on refill adherence | Clinical (Positive) |
| Margolis et al. (2013) | A telepharmacy intervention to improve inhaler adherence in veterans with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy | USA | Quantitative | n = 97 | Randomized—controlled trial | Primary care | Frequency of use of inhaler | Clinical (Positive) |
| Martinez et al. (2013) | Implementation of a pharmacist-managed heart failure medication titration clinic | American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy | USA | Quantitative | n = 51 | Retrospective cohort study | Primary care | % of patients in whom target ACEI, ARB, and b-blocker dosages were achieved | Clinical (Positive) |
| Martinez et al. (2013) | Implementation of a pharmacist-managed heart failure medication titration clinic | American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy | USA | Quantitative | n = 51 | Retrospective cohort study | Primary care | % of patients in whom target ACEI, ARB, and b-blocker dosages were achieved | Clinical (Positive) |
| McFarland et al. (2012) | Use of home telehealth monitoring with active medication therapy management by clinical pharmacists in veterans with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus | Pharmacotherapy | USA | Quantitative | n = 103 | Non-randomized Controlled trial | Primary care | Change in A1C from baseline to 6 months | Clinical (Negative) |
| Owsley et al. (2015) | Diabetes eye screening in urban settings serving minority populations detection of diabetic retinopathy and other ocular findings using telemedicine | JAMA Ophthalmology | USA | Quantitative | n = 1894 | Cross-sectional study | Community pharmacy | % of type and % of diabetic retinopathy detection | Clinical (Positive) |
| Philip et al. (2015) | Expansion of clinical pharmacy through increased use of outpatient pharmacists for anticoagulation services | American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy | USA | Quantitative | n = 201 | Retrospective cohort study | Hospital pharmacy | International normalized ratio; Patient clinic visits | Clinical (Positive) |
| Schneider (2013) | Evaluating the impact of telepharmacy | American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy | USA | Quantitative | p = 3 | Formative study | Hospital pharmacy | Medication errors | Clinical (Positive) Economic (Positive) |
| Shane-McWhorter et al. (2015) | Pharmacist-provided diabetes management and education via a telemonitoring program | Journal of the American Pharmacists Association | USA | Quantitative | n = 150 | Prospective observational study | Primary care | Change in A1C levels measured at baseline and at conclusion of the monitoring period | Clinical (Positive) |
| Singh et al. (2015) | Implementation and outcomes of a pharmacist-managed clinical video telehealth anticoagulation clinic | American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy | USA | Quantitative | n = 38 | Formative study | Primary care | International normalized ratio | Clinical (Positive) |
| Verbosky et al. (2016) | Implementation and evaluation of diabetes management via clinical video telehealth | Diabetes Care | USA | Qualitative | n = 14 | Formative study | Primary care | Patient satisfaction with clinical video telehealth program | Clinical Economic (Positive, Positive) |
| Wang et al. (2012) | Economic evaluation of telephone self-management interventions for blood pressure control | American Heart journal | USA | Quantitative | n = 591 | Economic evaluation | Primary care | Intervention costs; Home BP monitoring | Economic (Negative) |
| Young et al. (2012) | Patient And phaRmacist Telephonic Encounters (PARTE) in an underserved rural patient population with asthma: Results of a pilot study | Telemedicine and e-Health | USA | Quantitative | n = 98 | Randomized controlled trial | Primary care | Asthma Control Test; Participants attitudes with intervention | Clinical (Positive) |
| Mobile Health | |||||||||
| Andrus et al. (2015) | Accuracy of pharmacy benefit manager medication formularies in an electronic health record system and the Epocrates mobile application | Journal of Managed Care and Specialty Pharmacy | USA | Quantitative | 1529 medical records | Retrospective cohort study | Hospital pharmacy | Accuracy of formulary information in EHR and Epocrates app | Clinical (Negative) |
| Burk et al. (2013) | Medication-use evaluation with a Web application | American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy | USA | Qualitative | p = 147 | Formative study | Primary care | Medication use evaluation tracker interventions | Clinical (Positive) |
| DiDonato et al. (2015) | Community pharmacy patient perceptions of a pharmacy-initiated mobile technology app to improve adherence | International Journal of Pharmacy Practice | USA | Qualitative | p = 435 | Formative study | Community pharmacy | Medication adherence; Patient opinion pharmacist driven app | Clinical (Positive) |
| Foreman et al. (2012) | Impact of a text messaging pilot program on patient medication adherence | Clinical Therapeutics | USA | Quantitative | n = 580 | Retrospective cohort study | Community pharmacy | Medication adherence | Clinical (Positive) |
| Gatwood et al. (2016) | The impact of tailored text messages on health beliefs and medication adherence in adults with diabetes: A randomized pilot study | Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy | USA | Quantitative | n = 75 | Formative study | Primary care | Medication adherence | Clinical (Negative) |
| Gustafson et al. (2012) | The effects of combining web-based eHealth with telephone nurse case management for pediatric asthma control: A randomized controlled trial | Journal of Medical Internet Research | USA | Quantitative | n = 301 | Randomized—controlled trial | Primary care | Medication adherence, symptom free days, asthma control questionnaire | Clinical (Negative) |
| Sarzynski et al. (2017) | Beta Testing a Novel Smartphone Application to Improve Medication Adherence | Telemedicine Journal and e-Health | USA | Quantitative | n = 8 | Formative study | Community pharmacy | Accuracy of auto-populated medication dosing instructions; Acceptability of the user interface; Patient adherence | Clinical (Positive) |
| Snuggs et al. (2012) | Using text messaging to prevent relapse to smoking: intervention development, practicability and client reactions addiction | Addiction | UK | Quantitative | n = 202 | Retrospective cohort study | Primary care | Response to interactive messages and requests for medication | Clinical (Positive) |
| Wilcox et al. (2016) | Interactive tools for inpatient medication tracking: a multi-phase study with cardiothoracic surgery patients | Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association | USA | Qualitative | n = 12 | Formative study | Primary care | Patient and pharmacist responses to medication tracking app | Clinical (Positive) |
| Bender et al. (2015) | Pragmatic trial of health care technologies to improve adherence to pediatric asthma treatment: a randomized clinical trial | JAMA pediatrics | USA | Quantitative | p = 899 | Randomized-controlled trial | Primary care and hospital pharmacy | Medication possession ratio | Clinical (Positive) |
| Chan et al. (2015) | The effect of an electronic monitoring device with audiovisual reminder function on adherence to inhaled corticosteroids and school attendance in children with asthma: a randomized controlled trial | Lancet Respiratory Medicine | Australia | Quantitative | n = 220 | Randomized—controlled trial | Primary care | Adherence to preventive inhaled corticosteroids and number of days absent from school for any reason | Clinical (Positive) |
| Monitoring Technologies | |||||||||
| Migliozzi et al. (2015) | Achieving blood pressure control among renal transplant recipients by integrating electronic health technology and clinical pharmacy services | American Journal of Health-system Pharmacy | USA | Quantitative | n = 37 | Formative study | Hospital pharmacy | Blood pressure | Clinical (Positive) |
| Sayner et al. (2015) | Accuracy of patient-reported adherence to glaucoma medications on a visual analog scale compared with electronic monitors | Clinical Therapeutics | USA | Quantitative | n = 240 | Retrospective cohort study | Primary care | Self-reported medication adherence; Returned MEMS monitors | Clinical (Negative) |
| Van Onzenoort et al. (2012) | Determining the feasibility of objective adherence measurement with blister packaging smart technology | American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy | Netherlands | Quantitative | n = 115 | Formative study | Community pharmacy | Smart blister equipped medication card | Clinical (Positive) |
| Vasbinder et al. (2013) | The association of ethnicity with electronically measured adherence to inhaled corticosteroids in children | European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | Netherlands | Quantitative | n = 90 | Prospective observational study | Primary care | Electronic adherence measurements | Clinical (Negative) |
| Zullig et al. (2014) | A health literacy pilot intervention to improve medication adherence using Meducation® technology | Patient Education and Counseling | USA | Quantitative | n = 23 | Formative study | Primary care | Medication adherence; Blood pressure; Body weight | Clinical (Positive) |
| Smart Pumps | |||||||||
| Gerhart et al. (2013) | Advancing medication infusion safety through the clinical integration of technology | Hospital Practice | USA | Quantitative | p = 13 | Retrospective cohort study | Hospital pharmacy | Medication error; Compliance rate; Facility costs | Clinical (Positive) Economic (Positive) |
| Harding (2012) | Increasing the use of “smart” pump drug libraries by nurses: A continuous quality improvement project | American Journal of Nursing | USA | Quantitative | System evaluation | Retrospective cohort study | Hospital pharmacy | Medication errors | Clinical (Positive) Economic (Positive) |
| Kennerly et al. (2012) | Implementing smart pumps for epidural infusions in an academic medical center | American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy | USA | Qualitative | n = 77 | Formative study | Hospital pharmacy | Opinions before and after implementation smart pump | Clinical (Positive) |
| Manrique-Rodríguez et al. (2013) | Impact of implementing smart infusion pumps in a pediatric intensive care unit | American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy | Spain | Quantitative | n = 500 | Prospective observational study | Hospital pharmacy | Medication errors | Clinical (Positive) Economic (Positive) |