Table 2.
Anti-obesity effect of the pure secondary metabolites isolated from seaweeds.
| Secondary metabolite (No) | Target and activity | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Dieckol (18) | Reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1cells; ↓ C/EBPα and PPARγ expression |
[88] |
| Phlorofucofuroeckol A (19) | Reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells (IC50 17.86 μM); ↓ C/EBPα and PPARγ expression |
[88] |
| 6,6′-Bieckol (20) | Suppressed lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes; inhibition of lipogenic enzymes; ↓ mRNA expression |
[89] |
| Phloroglucinol (22) | Reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells; potent inhibitory activities on adipocyte differentiation; ↓ C/EBPα and PPARγ expression |
[88] |
| Dioxinodehydroeckol (23) | Reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1; potent inhibitory activities on adipocyte differentiation; ↓ C/EBPα and PPARγ expression |
[88] |
| Eckol (24) | Reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells; potent inhibitory activities on adipocyte differentiation; ↓ C/EBPα and PPARγ expression |
[88] |
| Fucosterol (25) | ↓ C/EBPα and PPARγ expression; inhibited adipogenesis of 3T3-L1; ↓ SREBP; modulation of PI3K/Akt- and ERK-dependent FoxO signalling pathways |
[90,91] |
| 1H-Indole-2-carbaldehyde (26) | inhibition of the 3T3-L1 cells adipocyte differentiation; ↑AMPK signal pathway |
[92] |
| 1H-Indole-6-carbaldehyde (27) | inhibition of the 3T3-L1 cells adipocyte differentiation; ↑AMPK signal pathway |
[92] |
| Fucoxanthin (28) | inhibit the intercellular lipid accumulation; ↓ C/EBPα and PPARγ expression; ↓ SREBP; ↑ uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1); ↑ β3-adrenergic receptor expression |
[95,96,97] |
| Fucoxanthinol (29) | ↓ PPARγ expression; ↓ adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells |
[98,99] |
| Amarouciaxanthin A (30) | ↓ PPARγ expression; ↓ adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells |
[98,99] |
3T3-L1 = cell line derived from (mouse) 3T3 cells; C/EBPα = C/enhancer binding protein alpha; PPARγ = Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; mRNA = messenger ribonucleic acid; SREBP = Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins; PI3K/Akt = phosphoinositide 3-kinase (also known as Akt; ERK = extracellular signal-regulated kinase; FoxO = Forkhead box O; AMPK = 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; UCP-1 = Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins 1.