Table 2.

Description of the social behaviours that are included in the welfare protocol for dorcas gazelles.

Affiliative behaviour	Behaviour	Definition of the Behaviour
	Social grooming	The animal brushes with its muzzle any part of the body of another group mate except for the anal region or the prepuce. If the animal stops brushing the receiver for more than 10 s and then starts brushing the same receiver again, this is recorded as a new bout. It is also taken as a new bout if the actor starts brushing another receiver or if there is a role reversal between actor and receiver.
	Social smelling	The animal smells any part of the body of another group mate except for the anal region or the prepuce. If the animal stops smelling for more than 10 s and then starts smelling the same receiver again, this is recorded as a new bout. It is also taken as a new bout if the actor starts smelling another receiver or if there is a role reversal between actor and receiver.
	Horning	Head play with physical contact of two animals. The animals rub foreheads, horn bases or horns against the head or neck of one another without obvious agonistic intention. Neither of the opponents takes advantage of the situation in order to become victorious. It is taken as a new bout if the same animals start horning after 10 s or more, or if the horning partner changes.
Aggressive behaviour	Displacement with physical contact	Interaction where the actor is butting, hitting, thrusting, striking, pushing or penetrating the receiver with forehead, horns, horn base or any other part of the body with a forceful movement resulting in the receiver giving up its position.
	Displacement without physical contact	The actor threatens or interacts with the receiver without making any physical contact resulting in the receiver giving up its position.
	Chasing	The actor makes an animal flee or give up its current position by following fast or running behind it, sometimes with additional threats like jerky head movements. Chasing is recorded even if it is not followed by an interaction with physical contact.
	Fighting	Two contestants vigorously push their heads (foreheads, horn bases and/or horns) against each other while planting their feet on the ground, both exerting force against each other. A new bout starts if the same animals restart fighting after more than 10 s or if the fighting partner changes.