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. 2018 Jul 11;8(7):518. doi: 10.3390/nano8070518

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) Photographs of RS/yeast/paraffin and RS/paraffin bilayer systems before (left) and after (right) the wrinkle activation; (b) Schematic illustration of temperature-driven wrinkling. The bilayer system is flat at room temperature and the heat induces the temperature to increase; thus, the thermal expansion of the paraffin substrate results in an increase in the compressive strain of the bilayer systems once they have cooled down to room temperature with the appearance of the wrinkles. Once a wrinkled state is activated, the heat/temperature can again induce thermal expansion of the paraffin substrate, resulting in the reversibility of the temperature-driven wrinkles; (c) three-dimensional (3D) AFM images showing the reversibility of the temperature-driven wrinkles; (d) AFM images and the related profile of the yellow lines passing through the RS (left) and RS/yeast (right) film layers.

(a) Photographs of RS/yeast/paraffin and RS/paraffin bilayer systems before (left) and after (right) the wrinkle activation; (b) Schematic illustration of temperature-driven wrinkling. The bilayer system is flat at room temperature and the heat induces the temperature to increase; thus, the thermal expansion of the paraffin substrate results in an increase in the compressive strain of the bilayer systems once they have cooled down to room temperature with the appearance of the wrinkles. Once a wrinkled state is activated, the heat/temperature can again induce thermal expansion of the paraffin substrate, resulting in the reversibility of the temperature-driven wrinkles; (c) three-dimensional (3D) AFM images showing the reversibility of the temperature-driven wrinkles; (d) AFM images and the related profile of the yellow lines passing through the RS (left) and RS/yeast (right) film layers.