Figure 2.

Human specimens for patient-derived models are acquired at specific stages of progression and can include localized or advanced metastatic disease. Localized, castrate-sensitive prostate cancer is most commonly obtained from radical prostatectomy specimens. Advanced prostate cancer tissues can be obtained from palliative resection for locally recurrent disease or at metastatic sites either by biopsy or tissue collection at autopsy; the latter samples represent metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). For studies in which the patient-derived specimens are taken at one time only, it is important to frame the question around this stage and not another one subsequent or prior. Although it is more challenging, the use of longitudinal specimens for modeling is even more desirable and can provide unique patient-based (personalized) information. TURP, Transurethral resection of the prostate.