Table 1.

Demographic characteristics of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall study participant observations included in this study, stratified by examination time (baseline: 2000–2003; follow-up: 2006–2008).

Variable	Baseline ($n=\mathrm{3,857}$) $\text{Mean}\pm \text{SD}$ or $n$ (%)	Follow-up ($n=\mathrm{3,251}$) $\text{Mean}\pm \text{SD}$ or $n$ (%)
Age (y)	$59.4\pm 7.8$	$64.0\pm 7.7$
HbA1c (percentage points)	$5.4\pm 0.6$	$5.5\pm 0.5$
Blood glucose (mg/dL)	$106.7\pm 17.3$	$106.8\pm 15.6$
Time since last meal (h)	$10.1\pm 4.7$	$12.0\pm 4.5$
Fasting Status (yes)	2,442 (63.3)	2,527 (77.8)
BMI (${\mathrm{kg}/\mathrm{m}}^2$)	$27.7\pm 4.5$	$27.9\pm 4.7$
Neighborhood unemployment  (%)	$12.4\pm 3.4$	–
Cumulative smoking  (pack-years)a	$27.9\pm 27.7$	–
Sex (male)	1,879 (48.7)	1,551 (47.7)
Regular physical activity (yes)	2,149 (55.7)	1,911 (58.8)
Statin use (yes)	378 (9.8)	551 (16.9)
ETS exposure (yes)	1,378 (35.7)	807 (24.8)
Season at blood draw
Spring	1,032 (26.8)	897 (27.6)
Summer	1,098 (28.5)	731 (22.5)
Fall	917 (23.8)	797 (24.5)
Winter	810 (21.0)	826 (25.4)
Smoking status
Never smoker	1,634 (42.4)	1,409 (43.3)
Former smoker	1,321 (34.2)	1,266 (38.9)
Current smoker	902 (23.4)	576 (17.7)
Education level
$\le 10\text{years}$	397 (10.3)	304 (9.4)
11–13 years	2,154 (55.8)	1,830 (56.3)
14–17 years	883 (22.9)	730 (22.5)
$\ge 18\text{years}$	423 (11.0)	387 (11.9)
Nutrition index
$<10$	650 (16.9)	462 (14.2)
11–12	1,281 (33.2)	1,073 (33.0)
13–15	880 (22.8)	737 (22.7)
$>15$	1,046 (27.1)	979 (30.9)
Alcoholic drinks per week
0	1,877 (48.7)	1,170 (36.0)
1–3	693 (18.0)	670 (20.6)
4–6	378 (9.8)	248 (7.6)
$>6$	909 (23.6)	1,163 (35.8)
Noise density (dB)
$<45$	633 (16.5)	547 (17.0)
45–50	873 (22.8)	767 (23.8)
50–55	783 (20.4)	641 (19.9)
55–60	490 (12.8)	419 (13.0)
60–65	431 (11.3)	345 (10.7)
65–70	424 (11.1)	349 (10.8)
70–75	164 (4.3)	133 (4.1)
$>75$	31 (0.8)	18 (0.6)
Missing	28 (0.7)	32 (1.0)

Note: –, no information was collected at that particular examination point; BMI, body mass index; ETS, environmental tobacco smoke; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; SD, standard deviation.

^aAmong current or former smokers only.