. 2018 Apr 6;126(4):047004. doi: 10.1289/EHP2129

Table 2.

Maternal serum concentrations of p,p′- and o,p′-DDT and DDE (ng/g, lipid-adjusted), and maternal urinary concentrations of pyrethroid metabolites ( $μ g / L$ , specific-gravity adjusted), VHEMBE study, Limpopo, South Africa.

Exposure	$n$	Percent detected^a	Percent quantifiable^b	GM	$\pm GSD$	Percentile
Exposure	$n$	Percent detected^a	Percent quantifiable^b	GM	$\pm GSD$	Min	10	25	50	75	90	Max
p,p′-DDT	705	98.2	90.8	69.0	$\pm 6.64$	$< LOD$	8.1	18.6	55.3	254.0	947.9	15027.6
p,p′-DDE	705	100.0	97.3	286.2	$\pm 4.82$	4.0	45.3	92.2	240.4	832.5	2585.4	26301.3
o,p′-DDT	705	90.2	43.6	8.9	$\pm 4.67$	$< LOD$	1.5	3.4	7.2	7.2	73.4	2029.3
o,p′-DDE	705	82.7	15.9	4.1	$\pm 2.76$	$< LOD$	$< LOD$	2.3	4.2	6.9	13.9	117.5
cis-DBCA	695	100	99.6	0.223	$\pm 3.42$	0.005	0.050	0.097	0.223	0.475	1.115	17.827
cis-DCCA	695	100	99.9	0.306	$\pm 2.95$	0.015	0.084	0.151	0.301	0.601	1.025	103.502
trans-DCCA	695	100	99.6	0.357	$\pm 3.43$	0.008	0.078	0.159	0.340	0.785	1.481	132.878
3PBA	694	100	100	0.712	$\pm 2.80$	0.022	0.214	0.374	0.700	1.372	2.381	58.899
4F3PBA	672	12.5	7.7	N/A		$< LOD$	$< LOD$	$< LOD$	$< LOD$	$< LOD$	0.008	0.423

Note: 3PBA, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid; 4F3PBA, 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid; DBCA, (2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylicacid; DCCA, (2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylicacid; DDE, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene; DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; GM, geometric mean; GSD, geometric standard deviation; LOD, limit of detection; Max, maximum; Min, minimum; N/A, not available; VHEMBE, Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and their Environment.

^{^a}

Detection limits are $0.01 ng / g$ wet weight for p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, and o,p′-DDE; $0.03 ng / g$ for p,p′-DDE; and $0.0025 μ g / L$ for cis-DBCA, $0.0045 μ g / L$ for cis-DCCA, $0.0038 μ g / L$ for trans-DCCA, $0.0047 μ g / L$ for 3PBA, and $0.005 μ g / L$ for 4F3PBA.

^{^b}

Quantification limits are $0.05 ng / g$ wet weight for p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, and o,p′-DDE; and $0.15 ng / g$ for p,p′-DDE; $0.0082 μ g / L$ for cis-DBCA, $0.015 μ g / L$ for cis-DCCA, $0.013 μ g / L$ for trans-DCCA, $0.016 μ g / L$ for 3PBA, and $0.011 μ g / L$ for 4F3PBA.