Table 6.

Adjusted linear regression $\mathrm{\beta }$ coefficient and 95% confidence interval for the association between maternal prenatal urinary pyrethroid metabolite concentration (specific-gravity adjusted) and children’s performance on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (3rd edition) at the 1- and 2-y visits, VHEMBE study, Limpopo, South Africa.

BSID Measure	cis-DBCA [$\mathrm{\beta }$ (95% CI)]	cis-DCCA [$\mathrm{\beta }$ (95% CI)]	trans-DCCA [$\mathrm{\beta }$ (95% CI)]	3PBAa [$\mathrm{\beta }$ (95% CI)]
At 1-y visit ($n=681$)
Cognitive	0.05 ($-0.26$, 0.36)	0.01 ($-0.30$, 0.33)	0.02 ($-0.26$, 0.30)	0.03 ($-0.31$, 0.37)
Receptive Communication	0.13 ($-0.12$, 0.38)	0.04 ($-0.24$, 0.32)	$-0.03$ ($-0.29$, 0.23)	0.08 ($-0.23$, 0.40)
Expressive Communication	$-0.21$ ($-0.51$, 0.08)	$-0.06$ ($-0.35$, 0.23)	$-0.08$ ($-0.33$, 0.16)	$-0.10$ ($-0.41$, 0.20)
Fine Motor	0.09 ($-0.25$, 0.42)	$-0.08$ ($-0.47$, 0.30)	$-0.08$ ($-0.42$, 0.27)	$-0.01$ ($-0.42$, 0.39)
Gross Motor	0.10 ($-0.29$, 0.50)	0.36 ($-0.10$, 0.81)	0.24 ($-0.16$, 0.64)	0.28 ($-0.20$, 0.76)
Language Composite	$-0.26$ ($-1.50$, 0.99)	$-0.08$ ($-1.39$, 1.22)	$-0.33$ ($-1.49$, 0.83)	$-0.07$ ($-1.48$, 1.34)
Motor Composite	0.59 ($-1.15$, 2.33)	0.84 ($-1.22$, 2.90)	0.51 ($-1.33$, 2.35)	0.81 ($-1.35$, 2.97)
Social-Emotionalb	$-0.19$ ($-0.64$, 0.26)	$-0.63$ ($-1.14$, $-0.12$)*	$-0.48$ ($-0.92$, $-0.05$)*	$-0.58$ ($-1.11$, $-0.06$)*
At 2 years ($\mathit{n}=671$)
Expressive Communication	$-0.40$ ($-0.77$, $-0.04$)*	0.01 ($-0.40$, 0.41)	$-0.22$ ($-0.58$, 0.13)	$-0.22$ ($-0.66$, 0.22)
Fine Motor	0.16 ($-0.12$, 0.44)	0.31 ($-0.02$, 0.64)	0.17 ($-0.13$, 0.47)	0.30 ($-0.05$, 0.65)
Gross Motor	$-0.19$ ($-0.43$, 0.05)	0.08 ($-0.22$, 0.39)	$-0.04$ ($-0.31$, 0.22)	0.03 ($-0.30$, 0.36)
Language Composite	$-1.74$ ($-3.34$, $-0.13$)*	0.23 ($-1.61$, 2.08)	$-0.91$ ($-2.50$, 0.69)	$-0.79$ ($-2.74$, 1.16)
Motor Composite	$-0.11$ ($-1.37$, 1.16)	1.19 ($-0.38$, 2.76)	0.37 ($-1.04$, 1.78)	0.98 ($-0.69$, 2.66)

Note: Coefficients show the change in scaled BSID score associated with a 10-fold increase in maternal urinary pyrethroid metabolite concentrations. Models adjusted for maternal education, age, marital status, poverty status at delivery, risk for depression (CES-D) and Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices score (at 1-y visit); food insecurity (USDA Food Security Survey); HOME score; preterm delivery; psychometrician; and time of urine collection (before or after delivery). 3PBA, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid; BSID, Bayley Scales of Infant Development (3rd edition); CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CI, confidence interval; DBCA, (2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylicacid; DCCA, (2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylicacid; HOME, Home Observation Measurement of the Environment; VHEMBE, Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and their Environment.

^aDue to one missing value, models with 3PBA had 680 participants at the 1-y visit and 670 participants at the 2-y visit.

^bSocial-Emotional outcome models had 688 participants for cis-DBCA, cis-DCCA, and trans-DCCA exposures, and 687 participants for 3PBA.

^*$p<0.05$.