Table 1.

Characteristics of study participants.

Characteristic	Low Cd–exposed newborns and mothers; $n$ (%) or median (min–max)	High Cd–exposed mothers; $n$ (%) or median (min–max)	High Cd–exposed newborns; $n$ (%) or median (min–max)
Total n	10	10	9
Maternal age at delivery (years)
$\le 25$	4 (40)	3 (30)	3 (33)
$\ge 26$	6 (60)	7 (70)	6 (67)
Prepregnancy BMI
$\ge 30$	3 (30)	2 (20)	2 (22)
$25\le 29$	2 (20)	3 (30)	2 (22)
$<25$	5 (50)	5 (50)	5 (56)
Maternal race/ethnicity
Black non-Hispanic	4 (40)	3 (30)	3 (33)
White or Hispanic	6 (60)	5 (50)	4 (44)
Other	0 (0)	2 (20)	2 (22)
Smoking status
Non-smoker	10 (100)	9 (90)	8 (89)
Smoker	0	0 (0)	0 (0)
Missing	0	1 (10)	1 (11)
Maternal diabetes
Gestational diabetes	0 (0)	1 (10)	1 (11)
Normal	10 (100)	9 (90)	8 (89)
Gestational age at delivery (weeks)
$\ge 37$	9 (90)	9 (90)	8 (89)
$<37$	1 (10)	1 (10)	1 (11)
Infant sex
Male	8 (80)	7 (70)	7 (78)
Female	2 (20)	3 (30)	2 (22)
Birth weight (g)
$<\mathrm{2,500}$	1 (10)	1 (10)	1 (11)
$\ge \mathrm{2,500}$	9 (90)	9 (90)	8 (89)
Maternal blood Cd $\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\text{dL}$, median (minimum–maximum)	0.012 (0.004–0.023)	0.165 (0.090–0.338)	0.161 (0.090–0.338)

Note: Values are the same for the 10 mothers and newborns in the low Cd–exposed group. High Cd–exposed mothers and newborns are shown separately since one newborn was excluded from the analysis due to insufficient DNA. BMI, body mass index.