Table 3.

Enriched upstream regulators of differentially methylated genes, from Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA).

Top upstream regulators	p-Value of overlap	Function	Reference
Newborn cord blood
miR-210	$5.01\times {10}^{-4}$	miRNA, posttranscriptional regulator	(Bavelloni et al. 2017)
NEAT1	0.00129	Long noncoding RNA, possible transcriptional regulator	(Yu et al. 2017)
DNMT3L	0.00213	Required for establishment of maternal genomic imprints	(Bourc’his et al. 2001)
CREBBP	0.00224	Transcriptional coactivator and acetyltransferase	(McManus and Hendzel 2001)
FSH	0.00262	Gonadotropin	(Rose et al. 2000)
Maternal blood
Actinonin	$1.09\times {10}^{-6}$	Antibacterial agent	(Chen et al. 2000)
LRPPRC	$3.93\times {10}^{-6}$	Transcriptional regulator	(Siira et al. 2017)
RAD21	$9.45\times {10}^{-6}$	Regulates chromatin conformation; colocalizes with CTCF	(Nativio et al. 2009)
DAP3	$1.20\times {10}^{-5}$	Regulator of mitochondrial translation	(Xiao et al. 2015b)
CTCF	$2.89\times {10}^{-5}$	Regulates chromatin conformation and gene expression; controls allele-specific expression of imprinted genes	(Franco et al. 2014)

Note: Genes overlapping DMRs were input into IPA and top upstream regulators identified. p-Values are calculated using the right-tailed Fisher’s exact test.