Table 1.
Radon population attributable risk (PAR) of lung cancer mortality.
| Country | Radona [GM (GSD)] () | PAR (%), BEIR VIb [mean (95% CI)] | PAR (%), Hunterc [mean (95% CI)] | PAR (%), Kreuzerd [mean (95% CI)] | Attributable number lung cancer deaths, BEIR VIb [mean (95% CI)] | Total Cancer Deathse (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median | 38 | 16.5 | 14.4 | 13.6 | 630 | 3.0 |
| Albania | 75 (2.2) | 23.5 (8.1, 36.6) | 24.4 (6.8, 37.5) | 23.2 (12.5, 32.1) | 246 (85, 383) | 5.2 |
| Algeria | 22 (2.2) | 15.8 (3.4, 37.0) | 9.0 (2.2, 15.1) | 8.3 (4.1, 12.3) | 376 (82, 882) | 1.7 |
| Argentina | 27 (2.2) | 13.6 (3.1, 30.7) | 10.8 (2.6, 18.0) | 10.0 (4.9, 14.7) | 1,434 (324, 3,234) | 2.2 |
| Armenia | 101 (1.3) | 29.3 (22.9, 35.7) | 30.1 (9.1, 44.6) | 28.9 (16.2, 39) | 415 (325, 508) | 6.1 |
| Australia | 8.7 (2.1) | 4.7 (0.9, 13.7) | 3.7 (0.8, 6.5) | 3.5 (1.6, 5.2) | 384 (77, 1,128) | 0.9 |
| Austria | 61 (2.7) | 20.9 (1.4, 53.4) | 21.0 (5.6, 32.9) | 19.8 (10.4, 27.8) | 764 (51, 1,954) | 3.7 |
| Belarus | 23 (2.2) | 13.4 (2.9, 32.0) | 9.5 (2.3, 15.9) | 8.8 (4.3, 12.9) | 459 (99, 1,096) | 2.4 |
| Belgium | 38 (2.0) | 15.2 (4.4, 29.1) | 14.3 (3.5, 23.3) | 13.5 (6.8, 19.4) | 1,093 (318, 2,088) | 3.7 |
| Brazil | 30 (2.2) | 15.9 (3.7, 33.7) | 11.8 (2.9, 19.5) | 11 (5.5, 16.1) | 4,503 (1,044, 9,541) | 2.0 |
| Bulgaria | 80 (2.1) | 25.8 (9.4, 39.3) | 25.8 (7.5, 39.3) | 24.4 (13.3, 33.6) | 943 (343, 1,437) | 5.2 |
| Canada | 42 (2.8) | 16.3 (2.6, 32.4) | 15.5 (3.8, 25.1) | 14.6 (7.4, 20.9) | 3,277 (518, 6,521) | 4.4 |
| Chile | 21 (1.8) | 9.4 (3.0, 21.0) | 8.5 (2.0, 14.4) | 7.9 (3.9, 11.7) | 279 (89, 627) | 1.1 |
| China | 34 (2.0) | 15.9 (1.5, 38.1) | 13.1 (3.2, 21.5) | 12.4 (6.2, 18.0) | 94,931 (8,999, 227,236) | 4.3 |
| Croatia | 50 (2.3) | 19.3 (4.7, 33.2) | 18.0 (4.7, 28.7) | 16.9 (8.7, 24.0) | 538 (132, 928) | 4.0 |
| Cuba | 5.2 (3.3) | 4.3 (0.3, 20.1) | 2.3 (0.5, 4.0) | 2.1 (1.0, 3.2) | 248 (15, 1,158) | 1.0 |
| Cyprus | 7.0 (2.6) | 4.9 (0.5, 18.6) | 3.1 (0.7, 5.3) | 2.8 (1.3, 4.2) | 13 (1, 48) | 0.9 |
| Czech Republic | 94 (1.8) | 24.3 (11.6, 32.9) | 28.9 (8.4, 43.3) | 27.5 (15.2, 37.2) | 1,271 (605, 1,720) | 4.7 |
| Denmark | 39 (2.2) | 16.0 (3.8, 30.5) | 14.6 (3.6, 23.8) | 13.7 (6.9, 19.7) | 607 (144, 1,162) | 3.9 |
| Ecuador | 70 (2.2) | 23.3 (7.9, 35.9) | 23.0 (6.2, 35.6) | 22.2 (11.9, 30.8) | 247 (83, 380) | 1.8 |
| Egypt | 6.6 (2.2) | 5.9 (1.1, 18.0) | 2.9 (0.7, 5.0) | 2.6 (1.2, 4.0) | 266 (47, 808) | 0.4 |
| Estonia | 44 (2.2) | 16.3 (4.1, 29.8) | 16.3 (4.1, 26.3) | 15.3 (7.8, 21.9) | 108 (27, 198) | 3.0 |
| Finland | 84 (2.1) | 21.6 (7.8, 34.6) | 26.5 (7.3, 40.3) | 25.3 (13.8, 34.6) | 462 (168, 740) | 4.1 |
| France | 50 (2.0) | 19.4 (6.2, 32.5) | 17.8 (4.6, 28.4) | 16.9 (8.7, 24.0) | 6,084 (1,957, 10,202) | 3.9 |
| Germany | 37 (2.2) | 14.9 (3.6, 29.8) | 14.0 (3.4, 22.9) | 13.1 (6.6, 18.9) | 6,449 (1,548, 12,950) | 3.0 |
| Greece | 44 (2.4) | 15.5 (3.3, 29.2) | 16.1 (4.0, 26.1) | 15.2 (7.8, 21.8) | 996 (213, 1,876) | 3.5 |
| Hungary | 62 (2.1) | 23.3 (7.8, 36.0) | 21.4 (5.8, 33.4) | 20.1 (10.6, 28.2) | 1,880 (633, 2,904) | 6.2 |
| Iceland | 7.3 (2.2) | 4.2 (0.7, 13.1) | 3.2 (0.7, 5.5) | 2.9 (1.4, 4.4) | 6 (1, 19) | 1.1 |
| India | 42 (2.2) | 23.8 (6.6, 41.7) | 15.6 (4.2, 25.1) | 14.7 (7.5, 21.1) | 15,175 (4,211, 26,612) | 2.2 |
| Indonesia | 35 (1.2) | 17.5 (13.1, 22.7) | 13.5 (3.4, 22.0) | 12.5 (6.3, 18.2) | 5,418 (4,047, 7,001) | 2.8 |
| Iran | 61 (2.2) | 24.8 (8.0, 38.0) | 20.8 (5.7, 32.6) | 19.9 (10.5, 28.0) | 1,080 (350, 1,657) | 2.0 |
| Ireland | 51 (2.4) | 17.6 (3.9, 30.9) | 18.1 (4.6, 29.0) | 17.1 (8.9, 24.3) | 313 (70, 550) | 3.7 |
| Israel | 23 (2.2) | 11.1 (2.3, 27.4) | 9.2 (2.1, 15.4) | 8.6 (4.2, 12.7) | 217 (45, 536) | 2.0 |
| Italy | 52 (2.1) | 15.9 (4.5, 27.3) | 18.3 (4.6, 29.3) | 17.5 (9.1, 24.8) | 5,327 (1,495, 9,147) | 3.1 |
| Japan | 10.4 (2.0) | 4.2 (0.9, 11.7) | 4.4 (0.9, 7.6) | 4.1 (2.0, 6.2) | 3,117 (688, 8,784) | 0.8 |
| Kazakstan | 11 (2.2) | 7.9 (1.5, 23.1) | 4.7 (1.1, 8.2) | 4.3 (2.1, 6.5) | 334 (63, 973) | 1.4 |
| Kuwait | 27 (1.9) | 18.1 (0.4, 57.1) | 10.5 (2.6, 17.5) | 9.9 (4.9, 14.5) | 15 (0, 48) | 1.9 |
| Lithuania | 37 (2.5) | 16.9 (1.1, 46.1) | 13.9 (3.4, 22.7) | 12.9 (6.5, 18.7) | 219 (15, 596) | 2.6 |
| Luxembourg | 70 (2.0) | 21.9 (8.2, 32.4) | 23.2 (6.3, 36.0) | 22.1 (11.8, 30.7) | 48 (18, 71) | 4.7 |
| Malaysia | 10 (2.2) | 8.3 (1.6, 23.9) | 4.4 (1.0, 7.6) | 4.1 (1.9, 6.1) | 342 (65, 990) | 1.6 |
| Mexico | 82 (1.3) | 26.7 (20.3, 32.9) | 25.9 (7.3, 39.5) | 24.9 (13.6, 34.2) | 2,030 (1,541, 2,503) | 2.6 |
| Montenegro | 50 (3.2) | 24.4 (3.4, 51.8) | 18.0 (5.0, 28.5) | 16.9 (8.7, 24.0) | 84 (12, 178) | 6.2 |
| Netherlands | 12 (2.0) | 7.3 (0.9, 23.2) | 5.2 (1.2, 8.9) | 4.8 (2.3, 7.2) | 773 (97, 2,466) | 1.8 |
| New Zealand | 20 (1.6) | 10.2 (1.8, 27.3) | 8.0 (1.8, 13.5) | 7.4 (3.6, 11.0) | 170 (30, 452) | 2.0 |
| Norway | 38 (3.2) | 15.4 (1.7, 34.7) | 14.3 (3.5, 23.4) | 13.4 (6.8, 19.3) | 341 (37, 769) | 3.2 |
| Pakistan | 52 (2.2) | 24.0 (7.0, 39.2) | 18.6 (5.1, 29.4) | 17.4 (9.0, 24.6) | 1,443 (420, 2,355) | 1.4 |
| Paraguay | 21 (2.2) | 11.5 (2.4, 29.1) | 8.4 (2.0, 14.1) | 7.8 (3.8, 11.5) | 76 (16, 192) | 1.5 |
| Peru | 24 (2.2) | 13.1 (2.9, 30.5) | 9.4 (2.2, 15.8) | 8.9 (4.3, 13.0) | 328 (72, 765) | 1.3 |
| Philippines | 22 (1.1) | 12.3 (10.0, 15.0) | 9.0 (2.2, 15.0) | 8.3 (4.0, 12.2) | 1,275 (1,033, 1,553) | 2.2 |
| Poland | 133 (1.9) | 28.4 (15.8, 43.5) | 36.1 (11.6, 51.8) | 34.8 (20.3, 45.7) | 6,639 (3,691, 10,174) | 7.0 |
| Portugal | 45 (2.2) | 18.4 (4.8, 32.9) | 16.5 (4.2, 26.5) | 15.5 (8.0, 22.2) | 633 (166, 1,132) | 2.6 |
| Rep. of Korea | 49 (2.0) | 16.8 (5.3, 29.1) | 17.5 (4.4, 28.1) | 16.6 (8.5, 23.6) | 2,993 (939, 5,197) | 3.7 |
| Romania | 84 (2.5) | 26.3 (7.6, 48.4) | 26.7 (7.8, 40.4) | 25.4 (13.9, 34.7) | 2,650 (762, 4,879) | 5.5 |
| Russian Fed. | 35 (2.2) | 16.9 (3.9, 33.8) | 13.6 (3.4, 22.3) | 12.7 (6.4, 18.4) | 8,583 (1,994, 17,191) | 2.9 |
| Saudi Arabia | 16 (2.2) | 12.2 (2.5, 31.7) | 6.7 (1.6, 11.4) | 6.2 (3.0, 9.3) | 90 (18, 233) | 1.0 |
| Slovakia | 48 (3.3) | 19.7 (2.4, 45.8) | 17.5 (4.5, 28.0) | 16.3 (8.4, 23.3) | 391 (47, 907) | 3.3 |
| Slovenia | 60 (2.2) | 21.5 (6.2, 34.3) | 20.7 (5.5, 32.5) | 19.6 (10.3, 27.6) | 243 (70, 388) | 4.1 |
| Spain | 53 (2.5) | 18.5 (4.2, 32.4) | 18.7 (4.8, 29.8) | 17.8 (9.2, 25.1) | 3,914 (883, 6,849) | 3.8 |
| Sweden | 67 (2.2) | 19.2 (6.0, 30.3) | 22.4 (5.9, 34.9) | 21.2 (11.3, 29.6) | 710 (220, 1,119) | 3.2 |
| Switzerland | 51 (2.3) | 19.6 (1.4, 49.5) | 18.2 (4.7, 29.0) | 17.2 (8.9, 24.4) | 627 (46, 1,580) | 3.8 |
| Syria | 33 (2.2) | 16.3 (4.0, 33.8) | 12.6 (3.2, 20.7) | 11.7 (5.9, 17.1) | 298 (74, 617) | 2.1 |
| Thailand | 16 (1.2) | 9.4 (6.7, 12.6) | 6.7 (1.6, 11.3) | 6.2 (3.0, 9.2) | 1,660 (1,191, 2,228) | 2.0 |
| Tunisia | 34 (2.2) | 17.5 (4.2, 34.8) | 13.0 (3.3, 21.2) | 12.1 (6.1, 17.6) | 271 (66, 541) | 3.7 |
| Turkey | 57 (2.3) | 24.7 (6.9, 40.0) | 20.1 (5.6, 31.4) | 18.9 (9.9, 26.6) | 5,422 (1,509, 8,773) | 5.9 |
| United Kingdom | 14 (3.2) | 8.0 (0.6, 26.5) | 5.8 (1.3, 10.1) | 5.4 (2.6, 8.1) | 2,858 (219, 9,419) | 1.8 |
| USA | 25 (3.1) | 12.5 (1.3, 30.6) | 9.9 (2.3, 16.7) | 9.3 (4.6, 13.6) | 20,925 (2,137, 51,296) | 3.4 |
| Venezuela | 39 (2.2) | 19.4 (4.9, 36.1) | 14.5 (3.7, 23.6) | 13.7 (6.9, 19.7) | 746 (188, 1,391) | 3.2 |
Note: BEIR VI, sixth Committee on Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation exposure–age–concentration model; CI, confidence interval; GM, geometric mean; GSD, geometric standard deviation; PAR, population attributable risk.
a
Sources of the national radon GMs and GSDs listed in column 2 are described in Table S1.
b
Estimate of PAR based on the BEIR VI EAC model for excess rate ratio.
c
Estimate of PAR based on the Hunter et al. (2013) model for excess rate ratio.
d
Estimate of PAR based on the Kreuzer et al. (2015) model for excess rate ratio.
e
Percentage of total cancer deaths represented by the mean radon-attributable number of lung cancer deaths estimated using the BEIR VI EAC model for excess rate ratio.