Figure 1. Model-predicted trajectories of mean Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MSE) score and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) score with no prior history of heart failure (HF) or after incident HF.

Panel A: Model-predicted trajectories of 3MSE score. Panel B: Model-predicted trajectories of DSST score.

In each graph, solid curve represents model-predicted mean cognitive test score trajectory with no prior history of heart failure (HF). Four dashed curves represent model-predicted mean cognitive test score trajectories after incident HF diagnosed at ages 70, 75, 80, and 85 years. Shading represents 95% confidence bands. Trajectories are adjusted for birth year, sex, race, education, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, beta-blocker use, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor use, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, anemia, diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and atrial fibrillation.

F test P = 0.011 for whether 3MSE trajectory across age differed by incident HF.

F test P = 0.479 for whether DSST trajectory across age differed by incident HF.