Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants by coffee consumption in the Multiethnic Cohort Studya
| Coffee consumption
|
Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | 1-3 cups/month | 1-6 cups/week | 1 cup/day | 2-3 cups/day | ≥4 cups/day | ||
| Number of participants | 26,985 | 12,011 | 22,244 | 51,536 | 43,033 | 11,911 | 167,720 |
| Age at cohort entry (years) | 58.7 (9.2) | 59.4 (8.9) | 59.4 (8.8) | 61.1 (8.7) | 58.8 (8.6) | 57.5 (8.2) | 59.5 (8.8) |
| Female | 15,894 (58.9) | 7,036 (58.6) | 11,640 (52.3) | 28,659 (55.6) | 22,455 (52.2) | 5,398 (45.3) | 91,082 (54.3) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||
| African American | 6,919 (25.6) | 2,826 (23.5) | 4,622 (20.8) | 8,240 (16.0) | 4,421 (10.3) | 912 (7.7) | 27,940 (16.7) |
| Native Hawaiian | 2,716 (10.1) | 1,053 (8.8) | 1,796 (8.1) | 3,502 (6.8) | 2,489 (5.8) | 727 (6.1) | 12,283 (7.3) |
| Japanese American | 6,863 (25.4) | 3,433 (28.6) | 6,206 (27.9) | 16,862 (32.7) | 12,629 (29.3) | 3,021 (25.4) | 49,014 (29.2) |
| Latino | 3,965 (14.7) | 2,312 (19.2) | 5,516 (24.8) | 11,620 (22.5) | 11,172 (26.0) | 3,214 (27.0) | 37,799 (22.5) |
| White | 6,522 (24.2) | 2,387 (19.9) | 4,104 (18.4) | 11,312 (21.9) | 12,322 (28.6) | 4,037 (33.9) | 40,684 (24.3) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.8 (5.7) | 26.8 (5.5) | 27.1 (5.3) | 26.3 (4.9) | 26.4 (4.8) | 26.5 (4.8) | 26.6 (5.1) |
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Never | 15,814 (58.6) | 6,566 (54.7) | 10,919 (49.1) | 23,123 (44.9) | 16,481 (38.3) | 3,086 (25.9) | 75,989 (45.3) |
| Former | 8,534 (31.6) | 4,178 (34.8) | 8,417 (37.8) | 20,735 (40.2) | 17,865 (41.5) | 4,607 (38.7) | 64,336 (38.4) |
| Current | 2,637 (9.8) | 1,267 (10.5) | 2,908 (13.1) | 7,678 (14.9) | 8,687 (20.2) | 4,218 (35.4) | 27,395 (16.3) |
| Pack-years among ever smokers | 15.8 (14.9) | 15.3 (14.5) | 15.5 (14.3) | 17.7 (15.5) | 19.3 (16.1) | 24.6 (17.4) | 18.2 (15.8) |
| History of diabetes | 3,141 (11.6) | 1,480 (12.3) | 2,881 (13.0) | 6,080 (11.8) | 4,412 (10.3) | 1,220 (10.2) | 19,214 (11.5) |
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 6.5 (24.6) | 6.8 (23.4) | 7.5 (21.5) | 10.1 (25.7) | 10.2 (25.4) | 11.0 (29.7) | 9.0 (25.1) |
| Education | |||||||
| ≤ 12th grade | 10,762 (40.1) | 5,029 (42.1) | 10,205 (46.1) | 24,052 (46.9) | 17,839 (41.6) | 4,945 (41.7) | 72,832 (43.6) |
| Vocational/some college | 8,018 (29.9) | 3,517 (29.4) | 6,315 (28.5) | 15,115 (29.4) | 12,879 (30.0) | 3,449 (29.1) | 49,293 (29.5) |
| ≥ college graduate | 8,067 (30.0) | 3,403 (28.5) | 5,615 (25.4) | 12,160 (23.7) | 12,145 (28.3) | 3,473 (29.3) | 44,863 (26.9) |
| Physical activity (hours/day)b | 0.39 (0.85) | 0.35 (0.77) | 0.39 (0.82) | 0.38 (0.83) | 0.40 (0.83) | 0.45 (0.90) | 0.39 (0.83) |
| Menopausal status and MHT use among women | |||||||
| Premenopausal | 2,759 (19.1) | 1,067 (16.4) | 1,778 (16.6) | 3,294 (12.3) | 3,511 (16.9) | 918 (18.5) | 13,327 (15.7) |
| Postmenopausal-never | 5,428 (37.6) | 2,373 (36.5) | 4,161 (38.9) | 10,487 (39.2) | 7,556 (36.4) | 1,899 (38.4) | 31,767 (37.3) |
| Postmenopausal-former | 2,355 (16.3) | 1,102 (17.0) | 1,778 (16.6) | 4,783 (17.9) | 3,443 (16.6) | 837 (16.9) | 14,349 (16.9) |
| Postmenopausal-current | 3,877 (26.9) | 1,955 (30.1) | 2,975 (27.8) | 8,170 (30.6) | 6,271 (30.2) | 1,297 (26.2) | 25,658 (30.2) |
Abbreviation: MHT, menopausal hormone therapy.
a
Mean (SD) for continuous variables and n (column %) for categorical variables.
b
Hours spent in vigorous activity per day.