Table 4.
Coffee consumption and cancer risk by race/ethnicity in the Multiethnic Cohort Study, 1993-2012a
| African American | Native Hawaiian | Japanese American | Latino | White | Pheterogeneity | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||||
| Cases | Per cup | Cases | Per cup | Cases | Per cup | Cases | Per cup | Cases | Per cup | ||
| All cancers | 6,648 | 0.96 (0.93-0.99) | 2,562 | 0.95 (0.90-1.00) | 9,922 | 1.00 (0.98-1.02) | 6,873 | 1.00 (0.98-1.02) | 8,026 | 0.98 (0.96-1.00) | 0.07 |
| Prostate | 1,662 | 0.94 (0.89-1.00) | 384 | 1.01 (0.90-1.14) | 2,103 | 1.00 (0.96-1.04) | 1,797 | 0.98 (0.95-1.02) | 1,562 | 0.99 (0.95-1.03) | 0.91 |
| Aggressiveb | 634 | 1.01 (0.92-1.11) | 210 | 0.93 (0.79-1.09) | 1,109 | 1.00 (0.95-1.06) | 710 | 0.96 (0.91-1.02) | 715 | 0.98 (0.92-1.04) | 0.35 |
| Female breast | 1,009 | 1.04 (0.96-1.12) | 523 | 0.93 (0.84-1.04) | 1,627 | 1.01 (0.97-1.07) | 835 | 1.02 (0.96-1.08) | 1,246 | 1.03 (0.98-1.09) | 0.60 |
| Colorectum | 802 | 1.01 (0.93-1.11) | 256 | 0.92 (0.79-1.07) | 1,506 | 1.03 (0.97-1.08) | 756 | 1.04 (0.98-1.10) | 776 | 1.03 (0.96-1.10) | 0.74 |
| Lung | 964 | 0.95 (0.88-1.02) | 389 | 1.03 (0.91-1.16) | 1,023 | 1.08 (1.02-1.15) | 539 | 1.00 (0.93-1.08) | 1,039 | 1.03 (0.97-1.09) | 0.11 |
| NHL | 500 | 1.02 (0.92-1.14) | 181 | 1.09 (0.93-1.29) | 654 | 1.02 (0.95-1.10) | 601 | 0.98 (0.92-1.05) | 644 | 1.03 (0.96-1.10) | 0.62 |
| Stomach | 147 | 1.18 (0.98-1.42) | 83 | 0.62 (0.41-0.94) | 522 | 0.96 (0.88-1.05) | 285 | 1.02 (0.93-1.13) | 119 | 0.97 (0.81-1.15) | 0.09 |
| Pancreas | 234 | 1.09 (0.92-1.28) | 91 | 1.01 (0.76-1.33) | 394 | 0.93 (0.84-1.03) | 204 | 1.05 (0.94-1.17) | 213 | 1.03 (0.91-1.17) | 0.39 |
| Melanoma | 39 | 0.92 (0.64-1.33) | 38 | 1.33 (0.85-2.08) | 89 | 1.02 (0.83-1.25) | 77 | 0.92 (0.76-1.13) | 678 | 0.89 (0.83-0.96) | 0.35 |
| Kidney | 134 | 0.89 (0.72-1.10) | 76 | 0.90 (0.68-1.18) | 216 | 0.98 (0.86-1.13) | 236 | 0.97 (0.87-1.08) | 176 | 0.93 (0.82-1.06) | 0.77 |
| Endometriumc | 179 | 0.86 (0.70-1.07) | 78 | 0.67 (0.46-0.97) | 210 | 0.99 (0.85-1.14) | 158 | 1.02 (0.89-1.18) | 213 | 0.94 (0.81-1.08) | 0.11 |
| Liver | 93 | 0.75 (0.54-1.03) | 43 | 0.45 (0.24-0.82) | 213 | 0.85 (0.72-0.99) | 236 | 0.93 (0.83-1.04) | 85 | 0.88 (0.72-1.07) | 0.15 |
| Bladder | 111 | 0.96 (0.77-1.20) | 43 | 1.14 (0.73-1.79) | 191 | 0.97 (0.85-1.12) | 111 | 1.15 (0.99-1.32) | 195 | 1.06 (0.94-1.20) | 0.57 |
| Ovaryd | 70 | 0.72 (0.47-1.10) | 35 | 0.59 (0.26-1.36) | 115 | 0.85 (0.69-1.06) | 87 | 0.90 (0.72-1.13) | 97 | 0.86 (0.69-1.08) | 0.79 |
| Thyroid | 42 | 0.85 (0.55-1.30) | 41 | 0.95 (0.69-1.31) | 89 | 0.96 (0.78-1.18) | 92 | 0.85 (0.70-1.04) | 56 | 0.73 (0.57-0.95) | 0.67 |
| Gallbladdere | 46 | 1.12 (0.79-1.58) | 18 | 1.53 (0.60-3.93) | 94 | 1.05 (0.87-1.27) | 97 | 1.01 (0.86-1.19) | 37 | 1.12 (0.85-1.47) | 0.87 |
| Esophagus | 45 | 0.81 (0.55-1.19) | 15 | 0.00 (0.00-.) | 84 | 1.05 (0.88-1.26) | 57 | 1.04 (0.85-1.29) | 71 | 1.07 (0.87-1.32) | 0.47 |
Abbreviation: NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval). The following variables were included to rigorously control for the effects of smoking: smoking status, average number of cigarettes, squared average number of cigarettes, number of years smoked (time-dependent), and number of years since quitting (time-dependent). The models were further adjusted for sex, age at cohort entry, body mass index, education, alcohol intake, physical activity, history of diabetes, family history of corresponding cancer, and menopausal status and menopausal hormone therapy for women only.
Advanced stage or high grade.
Excluding female participants who reported hysterectomy at baseline.
Excluding female participants who reported oophorectomy at baseline.
Excluding participants who reported cholecystectomy at baseline.