Reward valuation, BOLD activation, and BPND. A) Expected value correlated with activation in the lateral prefrontal cortex, lateral parietal cortex, cingulate, insular cortex, striatum, thalamus, and midbrain. B) Midbrain BPND correlated positively with BOLD activity associated with expected value in the left ventral striatum/caudate (peak z-stat=3.27, peak coordinate: x=-14, y=6, z=8). Results were thresholded at z>2.3 with cluster thresholding (p<0.05). C) Z-stats extracted from the left ventral striatal ROI in B) were plotted against midbrain BPND to show the correlation graphically.