Table S1.

Relationship between clinical index and sputum microbiome by PERMANOVA

Variables	Control vs mild	Control vs severe	Mild vs severe
Symptom severity	0.258	0.030	0.173
Inhaled corticosteroid	0.07	0.237	0.985
Spirometry severity	0.323	0.549	0.643
Hypertension	0.523	0.925	0.536
Exacerbation (>2)#	NA	0.141	0.200
Diabetes	0.739	0.927	0.689
Bronchodilator	0.852	NA	0.868

Notes: PERMANOVA, correcting for spirometry severity, use of inhaled corticosteroid and bronchodilator, and history of hypertension and diabetes, suggested sputum microbiome is different between control and COPD with severe symptom (P=0.033).

^#Number of 2 or greater than exacerbation events in the past 1 year.

Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; PERMANOVA, permutational multivariate analysis of variance.