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. 2018 Aug 2;9:3043. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05466-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Implementation of dynamic control for MA production in E. coli BW25113/F′ ΔpykFΔpykA (YYP167). a MA production behavior by dynamically downregulating ppc. Down-dynamic: P_MA-controlled expression of asppc (P_LlacO1-EP, P_MA-asppc, YYP167); Down-static (Knockout): ppc disruption (P_LlacO1-EP, YYP167Δppc) and Down-static (Inhibition): leaking expression of P_LlacO1-controlled asppc (P_LlacO1-EP, P_LlacO1-asppc, YYP167). *P < 0.05 is considered to be a statistically significant increase relative to titers from Down-dynamic in a two-tailed t-test. c MA production behavior by dynamically upregulating EP module. Up-dynamic: P_MA-controlled expression of EP module; Up-static: leaking expression of P_LlacO1-controlled EP module (P_LlacO1-EP, YYP167). *P < 0.05 is considered to be a statistically significant increase relative to titers from Up-dynamic in a two-tailed t-test. e MA production behavior of dynamic upregulation and downregulation. Up & down-dynamic: P_MA-controlled EP module and asppc (P_MA-EP, P_MA-asppc, YYP167). *P < 0.05 is considered to be a statistically significant increase relative to titers from Up & down-dynamic in a two-tailed t-test. The control groups are the dynamic groups of a and c. b, d, f Induced by 0.5 mM IPTG correspond to a, c, e. All the above data from the static group (control) were generated from three biological replicates, all the data from dynamic group were generated from five biological replicates, and error bars represent s.d.