Table 4.

Regions of cortical thickening.

Areas of cortical thickening: cortical thickness (mm)
	GTCS (N = 53)	Control (N = 530)
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	P value
Insula
Left	3.03 ± 0.186	2.98 ± 0.185	<0.0506
Right	3.05 ± 0.178	2.97 ± 0.170	<0.003*
Cingulate (mean)
Left	2.64 ± 0.182	2.58 ± 0.151	<0.04*
Right	2.61 ± 0.194	2.54 ± 0.148	<0.011*^
Rostral anterior cingulate
Left	2.93 ± 0.201	2.79 ± 0.254	<0.001*
Right	2.89 ± 0.265	2.74 ± 0.287	<0.001*
Caudal anterior cingulate
Left	2.65 ± 0.267	2.59 ± 0.226	<0.15
Right	2.56 ± 0.257	2.52 ± 0.222	<0.37
Posterior cingulate
Left	2.51 ± 0.198	2.49 ± 0.172	<0.43
Right	2.54 ± 0.202	2.48 ± 0.173	<0.04*^
Isthmus cingulate
Left	2.46 ± 0.286	2.46 ± 0.213	<0.98
Right	2.45 ± 0.250	2.41 ± 0.212	<0.18
Paracentral lobule
Left	2.34 ± 0.174	2.28 ± 0.196	<0.013*^
Right	2.36 ± 0.167	2.31 ± 0.212	<0.027*
Postcentral gyrus
Left	2.06 ± 0.191	1.99 ± 0.137	<0.0097*^
Right	2.02 ± 0.160	1.99 ± 0.151	<0.11^
Cuneus
Left	1.81 ± 0.186	1.77 ± 0.192	<0.08
Right	1.82 ± 0.143	1.76 ± 0.181	<0.0084*^
Pericalcarine
Left	1.62 ± 0.159	1.49 ± 0.198	<0.001*
Right	1.59 ± 0.151	1.48 ± 0.185	<0.001*

Mean cortical thickness values of insula, cingulate, parietal, and occipital ROIs in combined male and female group from 53 GTCS patients vs 530 age- and gender-matched controls. Two-sample, two-tailed t-tests, assuming unequal variances. (*) indicates significant p-value. (^) indicates significant GTCS sex-related differences relative to controls; see Table 5 for details.