Table 4. Dietary quality of Vietnamese women before and after immigration and that of Korean women.
| Variables | Vietnamese women before immigration (n = 56) | Vietnamese women after immigration (n = 56) | Korean women (n = 56) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DQI-I¶ (score/100) | 48.6 ± 1.4 | 45.1 ± 8.2§ | 64.5 ± 8.4† | |
| Variety (score/20) | 8.7 ± 0.8 | 10.2 ± 4.9‡ | 16.2 ± 1.3† | |
| Adequacy (score/40) | 10.2 ± 1.1 | 10.5 ± 3.5 | 20.0 ± 6.1† | |
| Moderation (score/30) | 29.4 ± 1.7 | 23.7 ± 3.8∥ | 24.7 ± 3.2 | |
| Overall balance (score/10) | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.6 ± 1.3 | 3.5 ± 0.8† | |
| INQ | ||||
| Energy | 0.6 ± 0.7 | 0.7 ± 0.1∥ | 0.9 ± 0.1† | |
| Protein | 1.1 ± 0.04 | 1.3 ± 0.3∥ | 1.8 ± 0.3† | |
| Fiber | 0.4 ± 0.01 | 0.5 ± 0.1∥ | 0.8 ± 0.6† | |
| Vitamin A | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.7 ± 0.3∥ | 1.4 ± 0.1† | |
| Vitamin B1 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 1.1 ± 0.4∥ | 1.3 ± 0.4* | |
| Niacin | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.4∥ | 1.2 ± 0.3* | |
| Vitamin B6 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 1.4 ± 0.5∥ | 2.0 ± 0.1† | |
| Folate | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.4 ± 0.1∥ | 0.5 ± 0.1† | |
| Vitamin C | 0.4 ± 0.01 | 0.5 ± 0.2§ | 0.9 ± 0.2† | |
| Calcium | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.4 ± 0.2∥ | 0.6 ± 0.1† | |
| Phosphorus | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2∥ | 1.5 ± 0.2† | |
| Iron | 0.5 ± 0.03 | 0.7 ± 0.1∥ | 0.9 ± 0.1† | |
| Zinc | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.2∥ | 1.1 ± 0.2† | |
Values are means ± standard deviation.
DQI-I, diet quality index-international; INQ, index of nutritional quality.
Significantly different between Vietnamese women immigrants and Korean women by Student's t-test at *p < 0.01 and †p < 0.001; Significantly different before and after immigration among Vietnamese women by Student's t-test at ‡p < 0.05, §p < 0.01, and ∥p < 0.001; ¶DQI-I scores are the sum of the 4 categories used to assess diet quality; 0 (poor diet quality)–100 (excellent diet quality).