Table 5. Diet diversity and dietary habits of Vietnamese women before and after immigration and that of Korean women.
| Variables | Vietnamese women before immigration (n = 56) | Vietnamese women after immigration (n = 56) | Korean women (n = 56) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDS‡ (score/5) | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 3.8 ± 0.6* | 3.7 ± 0.4 | |
| 5 | 3 (5.4) | 6 (10.7) | 6 (10.7) | |
| 4 | 49 (87.5) | 32 (57.1) | 38 (67.9) | |
| 3 | 4 (7.1) | 18 (32.1) | 12 (21.4) | |
| GMVDF§ | ||||
| 11111 | 3 (5.4) | 6 (10.7) | 6 (10.7) | |
| 11110 | 0 (0.0) | 9 (16.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 11101 | 49 (87.5) | 23 (41.1) | 38 (67.9) | |
| 11100 | 4 (7.1) | 18 (32.1) | 12 (21.4) | |
| Dietary habits∥ | ||||
| Prudent diet | - | 22.5 ± 1.2 | 14.0 ± 1.4† | |
| Calorie control | - | 15.5 ± 1.1 | 11.0 ± 2.5† | |
| Fat control | - | 10.4 ± 1.6 | 12.2 ± 2.9† | |
| Sodium control | - | 6.2 ± 1.1 | 6.9 ± 1.7* | |
Values are means ± standard deviation or number (%).
DDS, dietary diversity score; GMVDF, grain, meat, vegetables, dairy, fruit.
Significantly different between Vietnamese women immigrants and Korean women subjects by Student's t-test at *p < 0.05 and †p < 0.001; ‡DDS: Dietary diversity score counts the number of food groups consumed daily from major 5 food groups (grain, meat, vegetable, dairy, fruit); §1: Food group is present, 0: Food group is absent, i.e., GMVDF = 11111 donates that all 5 food groups are present; ‖Dietary habit assessed a questionnaire that involves 4 key dietary factors: prudent dietary habits reflecting general nutrition balance; calorie control dietary habits related to weight loss and gain; fat control dietary habits reflecting moderation of cholesterol in the diet; sodium or salt control dietary habits, which affect blood pressure. Score are ranging from 6 (excellent) to 24 (very poor). As dietary habits were not assessed for Vietnamese women before migration, it could not compared before and after migration.