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The levels of cytokines in copper treated rats. IL-1β (A), IL-2 (B), IL-4 (C), IL-6 (D), IFN-γ (E), TNF-α (F), MIP-1 (G), MCP-1 (H). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. control group. High dose of nano-copper significantly induced the level of cytokines in liver of rats. Micro-copper also induced the release of some of the cytokines, though the species of rat treated differed, and the Cu ion has no induction effect on cytokines.
