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. 2018 Jul 16;19(7):2069. doi: 10.3390/ijms19072069

Figure 2.

Figure 2

The roles of FXR in the gut–liver axis. FXR contributes to the crosstalk between liver and intestine through the regulation of hepatic bile acids (BAs) synthesis and intestinal fibroblast growth factor-15/19 (FGF-15/19) secretion. FGF15/19 controls the BA production via hepatic FGF receptor 4 (FGFR4) signaling. BAs act on TGR5 as well as FXR, contributing to metabolic homeostasis. Intestinal microbiota affects the composition of BAs, leading to changes in FXR activities. Dotted gray arrows represent the transport of BAs or FGF15/19 through the bile duct or the portal vein, respectively. Dotted black arrows indicate the activating effects, whereas dotted T bar arrows indicate the inhibitory effects. Solid blue arrow represents the effects of gut microbiota on the composition of BAs, while red arrows represent the inter-organ crosstalk between liver and intestine.