Table 4.
GHK and Genes Associated with Pain [30].
| Gene Abbreviation, Name (GENE Database) | Percent Change | Comment (GENE Database) |
|---|---|---|
| ORPM1, opioid receptor mu 1 | +1294 | the principal target of endogenous opioid peptides such as beta-endorphin and enkephalins. |
| CCKAR, cholecystokinin A receptor | +190 | regulates satiety and the release of beta-endorphin and dopamine. |
| CNR1, cannabinoid receptor 1 | +172 | involved in the cannabinoid-induced CNS effects |
| SIGMAR1, sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1 | +155 | a receptor protein that interacts with a variety of psychotomimetic drugs, including cocaine and amphetamines. |
| PNOC, prepronociceptin | +150 | A receptor for proteins involved in regulation of pain sensitivity |
| OXT, oxytocin/neurophysin I prepropeptide | +136 | A precursor protein for oxytocin |
| GRIA3, glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 3 | −126 | Glutamate receptors are the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian brain |
| OPRK1, opioid receptor kappa 1 | −119 | a receptor for various synthetic opioids |