Table 1.
Major volatile components in essential oils of different Citrus spp.
| Citrus EO | Sweet Orange [8,21] | Bitter Orange [8] | Neroli (Egyptian) [8] | Petitgrain [8] | Mandarin [8] | Lemon (D) [8] | Lemon (Ex) [8] | Lime (D) [8,22,23] | Lime (Ex) [8,22] | Bergamot (FCF) [8,24] | Bergamot (Ex) [8,24,25] | Grapefruit [8,26] | Yuzu [8,27] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plant Part | Fruit Peel | Fruit Peel | Flower | Leaf | Fruit Peel | Fruit Peel | Fruit Peel | Fruit Peel | Fruit Peel | Fruit Peel | Fruit Peel | Fruit Peel | Fruit Peel | |
| Essential oil Composition | d-Limonene | 83.9–95.9% | 89.7–94.7% | 6.0–10.2% | 0.4–8.0% | 65.3–74.2% | 64.0–70.5% | 56.6–76.0% | 40.4–49.4% | 48.2% | 28.0–45.0% | 27.4–52.0% | 84.8–95.4% | 63.1% |
| Linalool | 0–5.6% | 0.1–2.0% | 43.7–54.3% | 12.3–24.2% | 4.0–20.0% | 1.7–20.6% | 2–8% | |||||||
| Linalyl acetate | 3.5–8.6% | 51.0–71.0% | 18.0–28.0% | 17.1–40.4% | ||||||||||
| β-Pinene | 3.5–5.3% | 0.3–2.7% | 1.4–2.1% | 8.2–14.0% | 6.0–17.0% | 2.0–2.9% | 21.1% | 4.0–11.0% | 4.4–11.0% | 1.1% | ||||
| γ-Terpinene | 16.4–22.7% | 8.4–10.7% | 3.0–13.3% | 9.5–10.7% | 8.1% | 3.0–12.0% | 5.0–11.4% | 12.5% | ||||||
| α-Pinene | 0.6–1.0% | 2.0–2.7% | 1.1–2.1% | 1.3–4.4% | 1.2–2.1% | 2.5% | 1.0–1.8% | 0.7–2.2% | 0.2–1.6% | 2.7% | ||||
| β-Myrcene | 1.3–3.3% | 1.6–2.4% | 1.4–2.1% | 0–2.0% | 1.5–1.8% | 1.4–1.6% | tr–2.2% | 1.3–2.1% | 1.3% | 0.6–1.8% | 1.4–3.6% | 3.2% | ||
| α-Terpineol | 3.9–5.8% | 2.1–5.2% | 0.1–8.0% | 5.4–12.7% | ||||||||||
| (E)-β-Ocimene | 4.6–5.8% | 0.2–2.2% | ||||||||||||
| Sabinene | 0.2–1.0% | 0.4–1.6% | 0.8–1.7% | 0.5–2.4% | 3.1% | 0.4–1.0% | ||||||||
| Neral | 0–1.3% | 0.5–1.5% | 0.4–2.0% | 1.4% | ||||||||||
| Geranial | 0–1.8% | 0.7–2.2% | 0.5–4.3% | 2.4% | ||||||||||
| Bicyclogermacrene | 2.0% | |||||||||||||
| (E)-β-Farnesene | 1.3% | |||||||||||||
| Geranyl acetate | 3.4–4.1% | 1.9–3.4% | ||||||||||||
| Terpinolene | 0.7–1.0% | 8.1–8.7% | ||||||||||||
| (E)-Nerolidol | 1.3–4.0% | |||||||||||||
| Geraniol | 2.8–3.6% | 1.4–2.3% | ||||||||||||
| Nerol | 1.1–1.3% | 0.4–1.1% | ||||||||||||
| p-Cymene | 0.1–1.4% | tr–2.3% | 1.6–2.5% | |||||||||||
| (E,E)-Farnesol | 1.6–3.2% | |||||||||||||
| (E,Z)-Farnesol | ||||||||||||||
| Neryl acetate | 1.7–2.1% | 0–2.6% | 0.1–1.5% | 0.1–1.2% | ||||||||||
| Terpinen-4-ol | tr–1.9% | 0.7–1.9% | ||||||||||||
| (Z)-β-Ocimene | 0.7–1.0% | |||||||||||||
| α-Thujene | 0.7–1.0% | |||||||||||||
| 1,4-Cineole | 2.0–3.0% | |||||||||||||
| Terpinen-1-ol | 1.0–2.3% | |||||||||||||
| (Z)-β-Terpineol | 0.5–2.2% | |||||||||||||
| α-Terpinene | tr–2.1% | |||||||||||||
| β-Bisabolene | 1.6–1.8% | 1.8% | ||||||||||||
| α-Fenchol | 0.6–1.4% | |||||||||||||
| Borneol | 0.5–1.4% | |||||||||||||
| Camphene | 0.5–1.3% | |||||||||||||
| γ-Terpineol | 0.8–1.6% | |||||||||||||
| (E)-α-Bergamotene | 1.1% | |||||||||||||
| β-Caryophyllene | 1.0% | |||||||||||||
| (2E,6E)-α-Farnesene | 1.0% | |||||||||||||
| β-Phellandrene | 5.4% | |||||||||||||
| Nootkatone | 0.1–0.8% | |||||||||||||
D = Distilled; Ex = Expressed; FCF = Furanocoumarin-Free.