Table 3.

Biological activities of different Citrus essential oils.

Essential Oil	Biological Activity	Ref.
Sweet orange	Anticarcinogenic	[28,29]
	Relaxant	[30]
	Anxiolytic	[31,32,33]
	Pain relief	[34]
	Hepatocarcinogenesis suppressant	[35]
	Anti-tumor	[36]
	Antioxidant	[37]
	Food preservative	[38]
	Acne treatment (with sweet basil oil)	[39]
	Antibacterial	[40,41,42,43]
	Antifungal	[10,44,45]
	Anti-aflatoxigenic (at 500 ppm)	[44]
	Larvicidal	[46,47]
	Insecticidal	[48,49,50]
	Anthelmintic	[51]
	Growth promoter (in Tilapia)	[52]
Bitter orange	Mild sedative, hypnotic, soothing, calming, and motor relaxant	[53]
	Sleep inducer	[54]
	Anxiolytic and antidepressant	[53,55,56,57,58]
	Pain relief	[34,59]
	Antiseizure and anticonvulsant agent	[54]
	Anti-spasmodic and sexual desire enhancer	[59]
	Gastroprotective and ulcer healing	[60]
	Digestive disorders treatment	[53]
	Hepatocarcinogenesis suppressant	[35]
	Antioxidant	[53,61]
	Nephroprotective	[62]
	Antibacterial	[53,63,64,65]
	Pimple and acne treatment	[53]
	Antifungal	[15,53,66]
	Fumigant and anti-cholinesterase	[67]
	Larvicidal	[46]
Neroli	Sedative, soothing, calming, and motor relaxant	[55,68]
	Anxiolytic and antidepressant	[53,57,69,70]
	Antiseizure and anticonvulsant	[71,72]
	Central and peripheral antinociceptive effects	[73]
	Anti-inflammatory	[73]
	Menopausal symptoms relief	[74]
	Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) relief	[75]
	Sexual desire enhancer	[59]
	Endothelium- and smooth muscle-dependent vasodilator	[76]
	Hypotensive	[77]
	Antioxidant	[20,78]
	Anti-amnesic	[72]
	Antibacterial	[53,79]
	Antifungal	[20,53,75,79]
Orange petitgrain	Antioxidant	[78,80]
	Antibacterial	[81]
	Antifungal	[81]
Mandarin	Anti-proliferative	[82]
	Chemoprotective	[82]
	Antioxidant	[83]
	Antibacterial	[83,84]
	Antifungal	[84,85,86,87]
Lemon	Stress relief	[88,89]
	Cytotoxic	[28,90]
	Chemoprotective	[91]
	Anti-obesity	[92]
	Antioxidant	[93]
	Neuroprotective	[94,95]
	Anti-anxiety	[96]
	Creativity and mood enhancer	[97]
	Analgesic	[98]
	Relief of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy	[99]
	Anti-spasmodic	[89]
	Attention level, concentration, cognitive performance, mood, and memory enhancer	[89,100]
	Skin penetration enhancer	[101]
	Antibacterial	[102,103]
	Antifungal	[10]
	Insect repellent	[104]
	Miticidal	[105]
Lime	Anti-obesity	[106]
	Spasmolytic agent	[107,108]
	Selective acetylcholinesterase and buytrylcholinesterase inhibitor	[109]
	Antioxidant	[109]
	Anti-inflammatory	[110]
	Flavoring agent	[111,112]
	Antibacterial	[111,113]
	Antifungal	[111,113]
	Insecticidal	[114]
	Phytotoxic	[113]
Grapefruit	Anti-obesity	[92,115,116,117]
	Cravings and hunger reducer (mixed with patchouli oil)	[116]
	Body cleansing promoter	[116]
	Cytotoxic	[28,90]
	Antibacterial	[118,119]
	Antifungal	[118,119,120]
	Larvicidal	[121,122,123,124]
Bergamot	Melanogenic component in suntan preparations	[125,126]
	Pain relief	[127,128,129]
	Peripheral antinociceptive	[129,130]
	Antiallodynic	[127,131]
	Wound healing	[132]
	Cytotoxic	[125,133,134,135]
	Anti-tumor	[136]
	Neuroprotective	[137,138]
	Sedative, calming, and soothing	[139]
	Anxiolytic	[139,140]
	Mood enhancer	[141]
	Antioxidant	[109]
	Antibacterial	[142,143,144]
	Antifungal	[142,143,145]
	Anti-dermatophyte	[146,147]
	Antimycoplasmal	[148]
Yuzu	Anti-carcinogenic	[149]
	Anti-inflammatory	[150]
	Anti-anxiety	[151]
	Mood disturbance, tension-anxiety, anger-hostility, and fatigue reducer	[152,153]
	Mind and body health promoter	[152]
	Odor suppressant	[154]
	Anti-cancer	[155]
	Hypocholesterolemic	[156]
	Anti-diabetic	[157]
	Anti-obesity	[158]
	Platelet aggregation inhibitor	[159]
	Heart failure treatment	[160]
Kumquat	Antiproliferative	[161]
	Antioxidant	[161,162]
	Antibacterial	[163]
	Antifungal	[163]