Table 4.
Phototoxicity risk, irritation of the undiluted oil, acute dermal LD50 in rabbits, acute oral LD50 in rats, and maximum dermal use level for different essential oils from Citrus species.
| Acute Toxicity | Phototoxicity Risk [167] | Irritation of Undiluted Oil [8] | Acute Dermal LD50 in Rabbits (g/kg) [167] | Acute Oral LD50 in Rats (g/kg) [167] | Maximum Dermal Use Level [8] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweet orange EO | Low risk | Moderately irritating to rabbits but not irritating to mice | >5 | >5 | - |
| Bitter orange EO | low risk | Moderately irritating to rabbits | >10 | >5 | 1.25% |
| Neroli EO | Not phototoxic | Not irritating | >5 | 4.55 | - |
| Petitgrain EO | Not phototoxic | Slightly irritating to rabbits, but not irritating to mice or pigs | <2 | >5 | - |
| Lemon EO (distilled) | Not phototoxic | Moderately irritating to rabbits and slightly irritating to mice | >5 | >5 | 20% |
| Lemon EO (expressed) | Low risk | Not irritating | >5 | >5 | 2% |
| Lime EO (distilled) | Not phototoxic | Slightly irritating to rabbits | >5 | >5 | - |
| Lime EO (expressed) | moderate risk | No data available | >5 | >5 | 0.7% |
| Grapefruit EO | Low risk | Slightly irritating to rabbits, but not irritating to mice or pigs | >5 | >5 | 4% |
| Bergamot EO (FCF) | Not phototoxic | Mildly irritating to rabbits | >20 | >10 | 0.4% |
| Bergamot EO (expressed) | Moderate risk | Moderately irritating to rabbits | - | - | - |
| Yuzu EO | Not phototoxic | Not irritating | - | - | - |
| Mandarin | Not phototoxic | Moderately irritating (produces slight edema and erythema) to rabbits, mice, and pigs | >5 | >5 | 30% |