Figure 2.

Specificity of phloretin with various TLR-specific agonists that selectively activate different TLRs determined by monitoring the inhibition activity of TNF-α production in Raw264.7 cells. Pam₃CSK₄ (200 ng/mL), Pam₂CSK₄ (200 ng/mL), poly(I:C) (1 µg/mL), LPS (20 ng/mL), imiquimod (1 µg/mL), and ODN1826 (10 µg/mL) were used to selectively activate respective TLRs. TNF-α secreted into the supernatant was measured by ELISA. Each sample was measured in triplicate. The error bars represent ± SEM. (* p < 0.05; *** p < 0.001). n.s. represents no significance, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), standard error of measurement (SEM).