Table 2.
Overview of the significant gene expression changes reported in peripheral blood isolated immune cells in response to different interventions with various diets, foods, or derived products containing bioactive compounds (p-value < 0.05).
| Reference | Cells 1 | Groups Compared | Potential Bioactive Compounds (Specifically Indicated in the Article) | Upregulated genes | Downregulated Genes | Main Biological Message Reported in the Article Potentially Associated with the Gene(s) Response |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White blood cells | ||||||
| Daak AA et al., 2015 [65] | White blood cells | Omega-3 capsules vs. placebo capsules (high oleic oil blend) | EPA, DHA | - | NFKB1 | Improvement of oxidative stress status and amelioration of inflammation |
| Farràs M et al., 2013 [31] | White blood cells | Olive oil high polyphenols vs. low polyphenols | Mixed olive oil compounds (polyphenols) | ABCA1, SCARB1, PPARG, PPARA, PPARD, MED1, CD36, PTGS1 | - | Enhancement of cholesterol efflux from cells |
| Nieman DC et al., 2007 [80] | White blood cells | Quer vs. placebo | Quer | - | CXCL8, IL10 | Modulation of post-exercise inflammatory status |
| Mononuclear cells | ||||||
| Konstantinidou V et al., 2010 [28] | Mononuclear cells | Med diet + olive oil vs. control diet | Mixed compounds in the Med diet (potential specific contribution of olive oil polyphenols) | - | ADRB2, ARHGAP15, IL7R, POLK, IFNG | Regulation of atherosclerosis-related genes, improvement of oxidative stress and inflammatory status |
| Radler U et al., 2011 [70] | Mononuclear cells | Low-fat yoghurt containing grapeseed extract + fish oil + phospholipids +L- Carn + VitC + VitE (post vs. pre) | Mixed compounds (polyphenols, fatty acids, vitamins) | PPARG, CPT1A, CPT1B, CRAT, SLC22A5 | - | Regulation of fatty acids metabolism |
| Jamilian M et al., 2018 [67] | Mononuclear cells | Fish oil vs. placebo | Mixed compounds (EPA + DHA) | PPARG | LDLR, IL1B, TNF | Improvement of inflammatory status and of insulin and lipid metabolism |
| Plat J & Mensik RP, 2001 [62] | Mononuclear cells | Oils with mixed stanols vs. control (margarine + rapeseed oil) | Mixed compounds (stanol esters: sitos, camp) | LDLR | - | Improvement of LDL-cholesterol metabolism |
| Shrestha S et al., 2007 [57] | Mononuclear cells | Psyllum + plant sterols vs. placebo | Mixed compounds (Psyllum fiber + plant sterols) | LDLR | - | Improvement of LDL-cholesterol metabolism |
| Perez-Herrera A et al., 2013 [32] | Mononuclear cells | Sunflower oil vs. other oils (virgin olive oil, olive antioxidants, mixed oils) | Mixed compounds in sunflower oil | CYBB, NCF1, CYBA, NFE2L2, SOD1, CAT, GSR, GSTP1, TXN | - | Induction of postprandial oxidative stress (potential reduction by oil phenolics) |
| Rangel-Zuñiga OA et al., 2014 [33] | Mononuclear cells | Heated sunflower oil (post vs. pre) | Mixed compounds in sunflower oil | XBP1, HSPA5, CALR | - | Induction of postprandial oxidative stress |
| Camargo A et al., 2010 [27] | Mononuclear cells | Olive oil high polyphenols vs. low polyphenols | Mixed olive oil compounds (polyphenols) | - | EGR1, IL1B | Lessening of deleterious inflammatory profile |
| Castañer O et al., 2012 [30] | Mononuclear cells | Olive oil high polyphenols (Post vs. Pre) or Olive oil high polyphenols vs. low polyphenols | Mixed olive oil compounds (polyphenols) | - | CD40LG, IL23A, IL7R, CXCR2, OLR1, ADRB2, CCL2 | Reduction of atherogenic and inflammatory processes |
| Martín-Peláez S et al ., 2015 [35] | Mononuclear cells | Olive oil high polyphenols (post vs. pre) or Olive oil high polyphenols vs. low polyphenols | Mixed olive oil compounds (polyphenols) | - | ACE, NR1H2, ILR8 | Modulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and systolic blood pressure |
| Boss A et al., 2016 [64] | Mononuclear cells | Olive leaf extract vs. placebo (glycerol +sucrose, no polyphenols) | Mixed olive leaf compounds (oleuropein, HTyr) | ID3 | EGR1, PTGS2 | Regulation of inflammatory and lipid metabolism pathways |
| Ghanim H et al., 2010 [58] | Mononuclear cells | Polygonum cuspidatum extract vs. placebo | Mixed compounds in Polygonum cuspidatum extract (Res) | IRS1 | MAPK8, KBKB, PTPN1, SOCS3 | Suppressive effect on oxidative and inflammatory stress |
| Barona J et al., 2012 [50] | Mononuclear cells | Grape powder vs. control | Mixed compounds in grape powder (polyphenols) | NOS2 | - | Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory response |
| Tomé-Carneiro J et al., 2013 [51] | Mononuclear cells | Grape extract, Grape extract + Res (post vs. pre or extracts vs. placebo) | Mixed compounds in grape extract (Res) | LRRFIP1 | IL1β, TNF, CCL3, NFKBIA | Beneficial immune-modulatory effect |
| Kropat C et al., 2013 [53] | Mononuclear cells | Bilberry pomace extract (post vs. pre) | Mixed compounds in bilberry pomace extract (anthocyanins) | NQO1 | HMOX1, NFE2L2 | Regulation of antioxidant transcription and antioxidant genes |
| Isolated single type of cells | ||||||
| Persson I et al., 2000 [14] | Lymphocytes | Mix Veg (post vs. pre) | Mixed compounds in the Mix Veg | - | GSTP1 | Compensatory downregulation of endogenous antioxidant systems |
| Hernández-Alonso P et al., 2014 [38] | Lymphocytes | Diet + pistacchio vs. control diet | Mixed compounds in the pistachio (fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, carotenoids, tocopherols polyphenols) | - | IL6, RETN, SLC2A4 | Impact on inflammatory markers of glucose and insulin metabolism |
| Boettler U et al., 2012 [43] | Lymphocytes | Coffee brew (post vs. pre) | Mixed compounds in coffee (CGA, NMP) | NFE2L2 | - | Regulation of antioxidant transcription |
| Volz N et al., 2012 [42] | Lymphocytes | Coffee brew (post vs. pre) | Mixed compounds in coffee (CGA, NMP) | NFE2L2 | HMOX1, SOD1 | Regulation of antioxidant transcription and antioxidant genes |
| Morrow DMP et al., 2001 [79] | Lymphocytes | Quer vs. placebo | Quer | - | TIMP1 | Mediator of carcinogenic processes |
| Marotta F et al., 2010 [45] | Neutrophils | Fermented papaya (Post vs. Pre) | Mixed compounds in fermented papaya | SOD1, CAT, GPX1, OGG1 | - | Regulation of redox balance |
| Carrera-Quintanar L et al., 2015 [60] | Neutrophils | T1: Lippia citriodora extract T2: Almond beverage (+vitC + vitE) T1 + T2 (post vs. pre) |
Mixed compounds | - | SOD2, SOD1 | Adaptative antioxidant response |
| Yanaka A et al., 2009 [23] | Polymorpho-nuclear granulocytes | Broccoli sprouts (post vs. pre) | Mixed compounds (SFGluc) | HMOX1 | - | Protective effect against bacterial infection (anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory) |
1 White blood cells or Leukocytes: mononuclear cells agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes) and polymorphonuclear granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells); Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, NK cells). Table abbreviations (in alphabetical order): camp, campestanol; CGA, chlorogenic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; HTyr, hydroxytyrosol; l-Carn, l-carnitine; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; Med, Mediterranean; NMP, N-methylpyridinum; post-, after treatment; pre-, baseline or before treatment; Quer, quercetin; Res, resveratrol; SFGluc, sulforaphane glucosinolates; sitos, sitostanol; Veg, vegetables; VitC, vitamin C; VitE, vitamin E. Genes nomenclature from GeneCards [92] (in alphabetical order) : ABCA1, ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1; ACE, angiotensin I converting enzyme; ADRB2, adrenoceptor beta 2; ARHGAP15, rho GTPase activating protein 15; CALR, calreticulin (alias: CRT); CAT, catalase; CCL2, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (alias: MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1); CCL3, C-C motif chemokine ligand 3; CD36, CD36 molecule; CD40LG, CD40 ligand; CPT1A, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A; CRAT, carnitine O-acetyltransferase; CXCL8, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (alias: IL8); CXCR2, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (alias: IL8RA); CYBA, cytochrome B-245 alpha chain (alias: P22-Phox); CYBB, cytochrome B-245 beta chain (alias: NOX2, GP91-Phox); EGR1, early growth response 1; GPX1, glutathione peroxidase 1; GSTP1, glutathione S-transferase Pi 1; GSR, glutathione-disulfide reductase (alias: GRD1); HMOX1, heme oxygenase 1 (alias:HO-1); HSPA5, heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5 (alias: BIP); ID3, inhibitor of DNA binding 3, HLH protein; IFNG, interferon gamma; IL1B, interleukin 1 beta; IL6, interleukin 6; IL7R, interleukin 7 receptor; IL10, interleukin 10; IL23A, interleukin 23 subunit alpha; IRS1, insulin receptor substrate 1; LDLR, low density lipoprotein receptor; LRRFIP1, LRR binding FLII interacting protein 1; MAPK8, mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (alias: JKN1); MED1, mediator complex subunit 1 (alias: PPARBP); NFE2L2, nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (alias: NRF2); NQO1, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1; NOS2, nitric oxide synthase 2 (alias: iNOS); NR1H2, nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 2; OGG1, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase; OLR1, oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1; POLK, DNA polymerase kappa; PPARA, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha; PPARD, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta; PPARG, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma; PTGS1, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 (alias: COX1); PTGS2, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (alias: COX2); PTPN1, protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 1 (alias: PTP1B); RETN, resistin; SCARB1, scavenger receptor class B member 1 (alias: SRB1); SLC2A4, solute carrier family 2 member 4 (alias: GLUT4); SLC22A5, solute carrier family 22 member 5 (alias: OCTN2); SOCS3, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3; SOD1, superoxide dismutase 1 (alias: Cu/ZnSOD); SOD2, superoxide dismutase 2 (alias: MnSOD); TIMP1, TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1; TNF, tumor necrosis factor (alias: TNFα); TXN, thioredoxin; XBP1, X-box binding protein 1. Orange color: upregulated genes; green color: downregulated genes.