Table 3.
Overview of the significant expression changes reported for specific gene targets in different cells and tissue samples following intervention with diet, foods, or derived products containing bioactive compounds. Analysis of the evidence supporting the changes and, the potentiality of these changes as a mechanism of action underlying the beneficial effects attributed to these products and bioactive compounds (p- value < 0.05).
| Reference | Cells 1 (n = Number of Samples Analysed) | Groups Compared | Potential Bioactive Compounds (Specifically Indicated in the Article) | Gene Expression Change (FC; % of Change) | Data Quality | Variability (Estimated CV %) | Association with Specific Compounds, Metabolites | Protein Change | Level of Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammation: TNF | |||||||||
| Di Renzo L. et al., 2017 [40] | Blood (n = 22) |
McD meal + hazelnuts vs. McD meal (post-) |
Mix compounds present in the hazelnuts (fatty acids, polyphenols, etc.) | ↓TNF (FC < -1.5; −34%) |
Poor | No information available | No evidence | No evidence | Low |
| Weseler AR et al., 2011 [49] | Blood (n = 15) |
Grape seeds (post- vs. pre-) |
Mix compounds present in the seeds (flavanols) | ↓TNF (FC = -1.14; −12%) |
Poor | No information available | No evidence | Inhibition of ex vivo LPS-induced TNF in blood | Low |
| Tomé-Carneiro J et al., 2013 [51] | Mononuclear cells (n = 9–13) |
Grape extract + Res (post- vs. pre-) Grape extract + Res vs. control (post-) |
Mix compounds present in the grape extract + Res | ↓TNF (FC = −2.56 to −1.54; −61% to −35%) |
High | 3.2–7.9 (only baseline levels) | No evidence | (NC) TNF in serum or plasma | Low |
| Jamilian M et al., 2018 [67] | Mononuclear cells (n = 20) |
Fish oil (EPA + DHA) vs. placebo (post-) | Fish oil compounds (EPA + DHA) | ↓TNF (FC = −1.12; −11%) |
Medium-Poor | 10.5–18.0 | No evidence | No evidence | Low |
| Vors C. et al., 2017 [72] | Blood (n = 44) |
EPA vs. control (post-) DHA vs. control (post-) |
EPA, DHA | ↑TNF (EPA, FC = +1.07; 7%)(DHA, FC = +1.09; 9%) |
Poor | 19.8–24.2 | No evidence | No correlation between TNF and TNF in plasma | Low |
| Energy metabolism: PPARs | |||||||||
| Radler U et al., 2011 [70] | Mononuclear cells (n = 20–22) |
Low-fat yoghurt (grapeseed extract + fish oil + phospholipids + l-carn + vitC + vitE) (post- vs. pre-) |
Mix compounds (PUFAs, polyphenols, l-carn) | ↑PPARG (FC = +2.53; 153%) |
Poor | 49.8 | No evidence | No evidence | Low |
| Vors C et al., 2017 [72] | Blood (n = 44) |
EPA vs. control (post-) DHA vs. control (post-) |
EPA DHA |
↑PPARA (EPA, FC = +1.12; 12%) (DHA, FC = +1.10; 10%) |
Poor | 17.9–26.1 | No evidence | No evidence | Low |
| Jamilian M et al., 2018 [67] | Mononuclear cells (n = 20) |
Fish oil (EPA + DHA) vs. placebo (post-) | Fish oil compounds (EPA + DHA) | ↑PPARG (FC = +1.06; 6%) |
Medium-Poor | 9.0–11.3 | No evidence | No evidence | Low |
| Farràs M al., 2013 [31] | White blood cells (n = 13) |
High- vs. low-polyphenols in olive oil | Mix olive oil compounds (polyphenols) | ↑PPARG (FC = +2.8; 180%) ↑PPARA (FC = +2.0; 100%) ↑PPARD (FC = +2.0; 100%) ↑MED1 (FC = +1.45; 45%) |
Poor | 32.2–118.3 | No evidence | No evidence | Low |
| Antioxidant system: GPXs | |||||||||
| Di Renzo L et al., 2014 [18] | Blood (n = 24) |
Red wine Med meal + red wine McD meal + red wine (post- vs. pre-) |
Mix compounds in red wine | ↑GPX1 (FC = +1.41; 41%) (FC = +1.52; 52%) (FC = +2.83; 183%) |
Poor | No information available | No evidence | No evidence | Low |
| Di Renzo L. et al., 2017 [40] | Blood (n = 22) |
McD meal + hazelnuts vs. McD meal (post-) |
Mix compounds present in the hazelnuts (fatty acids, polyphenols, etc.) | ↑GPX1, GPX3, GPX4 (F > +1.5; 50%) |
Poor | No information available | No evidence | No evidence | Low |
| ↓GPX7 (FC < −1.5; −33%) | |||||||||
| Donadio JLS et al., 2017 [39] | Blood (unclear, n = 130 or n = 12?) |
Brazil nuts (with Se) (post- vs. pre-) |
Mix compounds present in the brazil nuts (Se, fatty acids, polyphenols, etc.) | ↑GPX1 (FC = +1.3; 30% for a particular genotype) |
Poor | No information available | No evidence | No evidence | Low |
| Marotta F et al., 2010 [45] | Neutrophils (n = 11) |
Fermented papaya (post- vs. pre-) |
Mix compounds present in the fermented papaya | ↑GPX1 (FC = +61–67; >6000% (?)) |
Poor | No information available | No evidence | No evidence | Low |
1 White blood cells or Leukocytes: mononuclear cells agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes) and polymorphonuclear granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells). Table abbreviations (in alphabetical order): CV, coefficient of variation; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; FC, fold-change; l-carn, l-carnitine; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; McD, MacDonald; Med, Mediterranean; NC, no change; post-, after treatment; pre-, baseline or before treatment; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; Res, resveratrol; Se, selenium; VitC, vitamin C; VitE, vitamin E. Genes nomenclature from GeneCards [92] (in alphabetical order): GPX1-4, glutathione peroxidase 1-4; MED1, mediator complex subunit 1 (alias: PPARBP); PPARA, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha; PPARD, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta; PPARG, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma; TNF, tumour necrosis factor (alias: TNFα). Orange color: upregulated genes; green color: downregulated genes.