Table 2.
The pharmacological data of SCF and its active ingredients in protecting against NDs by anti-oxidative effect. LPS—lipopolysaccharide; 6-OHDA—6-hydroxydopamine; CTX—cyclophosphamide; AD—Alzheimer’s disease; NS—neurological disease; MDA—malondialdehyde; I/R—ischemia/reperfusion; T-AOC—total antioxidant capacity; GSSG—glutathione disulfide; CAT—catalase.
| SCF and Its Active Ingredients | Study Design | Study Type | Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Action | Dose Range | Minimal Active Concentration | Key Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCF | CTX induced brain injury in rats | In vivo | Increases GSH content | 0.10–1.00 g/kg | 0.50 g/kg | [20] |
| Decreases MDA levels | ||||||
| intra-hippocampal Aβ1-42 induced AD in rats | In vivo | Increases SOD and GSH-Px activity | 200 mg/kg | 200 mg/kg | [21] | |
| TLS | Aβ1-42 induced AD in primary mouse neuronal cells | In vitro | Blocking the decrease of MMP | 10, 30, 100 μM | 10 μM | [26] |
| Aβ1-42 induced AD in mice | In vivo | Restroes T-AOC and MDA level | 50, 200 mg/kg | 50 mg/kg | ||
| Ameliorates the neurodegeneration in the hippocampus | ||||||
| D-galactose (D-gal)-induced neurotoxicity in rats | In vivo | Attenuates SOD, CAT, T-AOC decreasing | ― | ― | [27] | |
| Maintains GSH, MDA, NO levels | ||||||
| Sch A | Aβ1-42 induced AD in mice | In vivo | Increases SOD, GSH-Px, GSH levels | 4, 12, 36 mg/kg | 12 mg/kg | [30] |
| Decreases MDA, GSSG levels | ||||||
| Sch B | SP induced dementia in mice | In vivo | Suppresses AChE (acetylcholinesterase) activity | 10, 25, 50 mg/kg | 25 mg/kg | [33] |
| Maintaines ACh level | ||||||
| Occlusion (using aneurysm clips) induced cerebral I/R injury | In vivo | Increases GSH, α-TOC, Mn-SOD | 1, 10, 30 mg/kg | 1 mg/kg | [34] | |
| Decreases MDA, Ca2+, MPT | ||||||
| Aβ1-42 induced AD in mice | In vivo | Restroes GLT-1 and GSK3β activities | 0.15 mg/kg | [35] | ||
| Decreases hyperphosphorylated tau protein | ||||||
| Microglial-mediated inflammatory injury | In vitro | Inhibites ROS, NADPH oxidase activity | 5, 10, 20 μM | 5 μM | [36] | |
| STA | 6-OHDA-induced neural damage in SH-SY5Y cells | In vitro | Decreases cytotoxicity | 3, 6, 12, 25, 50, 100 μM | 14.8 μM (EC50) | [42] |
| Down-regulates ROS level | ||||||
| Inhibites NO, iNOS levels | ||||||
| Opposes ERK phosphorylation decreases | ||||||
| Up-ragulates p-Akt/t-Akt ratio | ||||||
| Preventes GSK3β dephosphorylation | ||||||
| 6-OHDA-induced neural damage in zebrafish | In vivo | Prevents dopaminergic neuron loss | 2.5, 5, 10 μM | 10 μM | ||
| Aβ1-42 induced AD in mice | In vivo | Restroes SOD, GSH-Px, MDA, GSH activites | 0.01–0.1 mg/kg | 0.1 mg/kg | [43] | |
| SCH | Aβ1-42 induced AD in mice | In vivo | Increases SOD, GSH-Px, GSH levels | 4, 12, 36 mg/kg | 36 mg/kg | [45] |
| Decreases MDA, GSSG levels | ||||||
| ICO | 6-OHDA-induced neural damage in SH-SY5Y cells | In vitro | Inhibites ROS | 20, 40, 80 µM | 40 µM | [47] |
| Inhibites calcuim accumulation | ||||||
| Increases NQO1, HO-1 levels | ||||||
| Gomisin A | LPS-stimulated N9 microglia | In vitro | Inhibites ROS, NADPH, gp91phox expression | 1–100 µM | 3 µM | [50] |