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Micrographs for the secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) measurement after electrolytic etching, using a 10 g H2C2O4 with 100 mL H2O reagent, under the applied potential 4 V DC for 30–40 s: (a) QDS for a solidification velocity V = 0.013 mm/s and thermal gradient (G) = 3000 K/m; (b) QDS for V = 0.03 mm/s and G = 5300 K/m; (c) QDS for V = 0.09 mm/s and G = 5300 K/m; and (d) gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW).
