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. 2018 Jun 24;19(7):1859. doi: 10.3390/ijms19071859

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Endogenous antiangiogenic factors in (a) glomerulus (podocyte and glomerular endothelial cell) and (b) tubulointerstitium (tubular epithelial cell and peritubular capillary endothelial cell). See text for detailed physiological and pathological roles of each factor in kidney. Abbreviations: GBM, glomerular basement membrane; TBM, tubular basement membrane; VEGF-A, vascular endothelial growth factor-A; VEGFR2, VEGF receptor-2; sFlt1, soluble fms-related tyrosine kinase 1; PEDF, pigment epithelium-derived factor; VASH1, vasohibin-1.