Table 6.
Characteristics of included randomized trials in children and adolescents.
| Author [56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64] | Sample/Diagnostic Criteria | Duration (Months) | Intervention and Comparative Statistical Analysis of the Body Composition | BW (kg or z-Score/%) | BF (kg or % of BW) | FFM (kg/) | LM (kg) | BMI (kg/m2 or % of 95th Percentile or z-Score) |
WC (cm) | Changes in Body Composition Mean ± sd or Mean ± (SE) or Mean (CI, 95%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Armeno et al., 2011 [57] |
n = 86 IG1: 47 IG2: 39 Girls: 58% Age: 11–19 years old Population: South America (Argentina) Obesity and Insulin Resistance, source of diagnostic criteria: 95th Percentile /NE |
4 |
Dietary intervention Within groups: IG1 (low insulin response diet) IG2 (conventional diet) Between groups |
YES (kg and z-score) NE NE NS |
YES (kg) NE NE NE |
NO | NO |
YES (kg/m2 andz-score) NE NE NS |
YES NE NE p < 0.05 |
BW: IG1: 8.9 kg IG2: −6.4 kg IG1: −0.53 ± 0.5 (z-score) IG2: −0.54 ± 0.4 (z-score) BF: IG1: −5.12 kg IG2: NE BMI: IG1: −3.9 kg/m2 IG2: −2.9 kg/m2 IG1: −0.35 ± 0.2 (z-score) IG2: −0.36 ± 0.2 (z-score) WC: IG1: −9.1 ± 4.8 cm IG2: −6.6 ± 4.6 cm |
| Van der Aa et al., 2016 [58] |
n = 42 IG1: 23 IG2: 19 Girls: 66% Age: 10–16 years old Population: Europe (The Netherlands) Obesity and Insulin Resistance, source of diagnostic criteria: NE/NE |
18 |
Physical exercise intervention, pharmacology Within groups: IG1 (metformin) IG2 (placebo) Between groups |
YES (kg) NE NE NE |
YES (kg and % of BW) NE NE p < 0.05/NS |
YES NE NE p < 0.05 |
NO |
YES (kg/m2) NE NE p < 0.05 |
YES NE NE NE |
BW (3): IG1: 1.6 kg (−4.2, 5.9) IG2: 12 kg (2.7, 17) BF (3): IG1: −0.2 kg (−5.2, 2.1) IG2: 2 kg (1.2, 6.4) IG1: −3.1% (−4.8, 0.3) IG2: −0.8% (−3.2, 1.6) FFM (3): IG1: 2.0 kg (−0.1, 4) IG2: 4.5 kg (1.3, 11.6) BMI (3): IG1: 0.2 kg/m2 (−2.9, +1.3) IG2: 1.2 kg/m2 (−0.3, 2.4) WC (3): IG1 and IG2 NE (cm) |
| Garnett et al., 2013 [59] |
n = 111 IG1: 55 IG2: 56 Girls: 61% Age: 10–17 years old Population: Oceania (Australia) Overweight and Obesity/Prediabetes and/or Insulin Resistance, source of diagnostic criteria: International Obesity Task Force/ADA/NE |
6 |
Dietary and physical exercise intervention, pharmacology Within groups: IG1 (high CH diet) IG2 (low CH diet) Between groups |
YES (kg) NE NE NE |
NO | NO | NO |
YES (% of 95th percentile) p < 0.05 p < 0.05 NS |
NO |
BW: Total: −3.7 kg (median) BMI: Total NE % 95th percentile |
| Gómez-Díaz et al., 2012 [60] |
n = 52 IG1: 28 IG2: 24 Girls: 56% Age: 4–17 years old Population: North America (Mexico) Glucose Intolerance, source of diagnostic criteria: ADA |
3 |
Dietary intervention, physical exercise education, pharmacology Within groups: IG1 (metformin) IG2 (placebo) Between groups |
YES (kg) /YES p < 0.05 p < 0.05 NS/ p < 0.05 |
NO | NO | NO |
YES (kg/m2) p < 0.05 p < 0.05 NS |
YES p < 0.05 p < 0.05 NS |
BW: IG1: −2.7 kg IG1: −5.86% IG2: −1.6 kg IG2: −2.75% BMI: IG1: −4.3 kg/m2 IG2: −1.0 kg/m2 WC: IG1: −9.3 cm IG2: −5.7 cm |
| de Mello et al., 2011 [56] |
n = 30 IG1: 15 IG2: 15 Boys: 67% Age: 15–19 years old Population: South America (Brazil) Metabolic Syndrome/ Obesity, source of diagnostic criteria: IDF/>95th Percentile |
12 |
Physical exercise, dietary and psychological intervention, clinical therapy Within groups: IG1 (aerobic training) IG2 (aerobic plus resistance training) Between groups |
YES (kg) p < 0.05 p < 0.05 p < 0.05 |
YES (kg and % of BW) p < 0.05 p < 0.05 p < 0.05 |
NO |
YES NS NS p < 0.05 |
YES (kg/m2)/NO p < 0.05 p < 0.05 p < 0.05 |
YES p < 0.05 p < 0.05 p < 0.05 |
BW: IG1: −7.91 ± 7.48 kg IG2: −15.45 ± 6.95 kg BF: IG1: −5.67 ± 8.05 kg IG1: −2.87 ± 6.01%IG2: −17.34 ± 6.5 kg IG2: −11.42 ± 6.10% LM: IG1: −2.29 ± 4.01 kg IG2: 2.31 ± 5.22 kg BMI: IG1: −2.62 ± 2.35 kg/m2 IG2: −5.54 ± 2.41 kg/m2 WC: IG1: −5.7 ± 6.37 cm IG2: −17.06 ± 11.38 cm |
| Yanovski et al., 2011 [61] |
n = 100 IG1: 53 IG2: 47 Girls: 60% Age: 6–12 years old Population: North America (USA) Obesity/ Insulin resistance, source of diagnostic criteria: ≥ 95th Percentile /NE |
6 |
Dietary and physical exercise intervention, pharmacology Within groups: IG1 (metformin) IG2 (placebo) Between groups |
YES (kg) NS p < 0.05 p < 0.001 |
YES (kg) NS p < 0.05 (1) NS (2) p < 0.05 |
NO | NO |
YES (kg/m2 and z-score)/NO p < 0.05 NS p < 0.05 |
YES NS p < 0.05 p < 0.05 |
BW: IG1: 1.47 kg (−0.31, 3.24) IG2: 4.85 kg (2.84, 6.85) BF: IG1: −0.48 kg (−0.8, 1.76) (1) IG2: −1.88 kg (0.44, 3.31) (1) IG1: −1.51 kg (−4.56, 1.54) (2) IG2: 1.81 kg (−1.64, 5.25) (2) BMI: IG1: −0.78 kg/m2 (−1.54, −0.01) IG2: 0.32 kg/m2 (−0.54, 1.18) IG1: −0.11 (−0.16, −0.05) (z-score) IG2: −0.04 (−0.1, 0.02) (z-score) WC: IG1: 1.84 cm (−1, 4.69) IG2: 4.38 cm (1.23, 7.53) |
| Clarson et al., 2009 [62] |
n = 25 IG1: 11 IG2: 14 Boys: 56% Age: 10–16 years old Population: North America (Canada) Obesity/Insulin Resistance, source of diagnostic criteria: >95th Percentile /NE |
6 |
Physical exercise intervention, dietary education, pharmacology Within groups: IG1 (metformin) IG2 (lifestyle alone) Between groups |
NO | NO | NO | NO |
YES (kg/m2) p < 0.05 NS p < 0.05 |
YES NS NS NS |
BMI: IG1: −1.8 ± (0.8) kg/m2 IG2: 0.5 ± (0.3) kg/m2 WC: IG1 and IG2 NE (cm) |
| Atabek et al., 2008 [63] |
n = 120 IG1: 90 IG2: 30 Girls: 50% Age: 9–17 years old Population: Europe (Turkey) Obesity/Hyperinsulinemia, source of diagnostic criteria: >95th Percentile /NE |
6 |
Dietary and physical exercise intervention pharmacology Within groups: IG1 (metformin) IG2 (placebo) Between groups |
YES (kg) p < 0.001 NS NE |
NO | NO | NO |
YES (kg/m2) p < 0.001 NS p < 0.01 |
NO |
BW: IG1: −3.4 kg IG2: 3.6 kg BMI: IG1: −2.08 ± 2.32 kg/m2IG2: 0.65 ± 2.5 kg/m2 |
| Love-Osborne et al., 2008 [64] |
n = 64 IG1: 48 IG2: 16 Girls: 71% Age: 12–19 years old Population: North America (USA) Obesity/Insulin Resistance, source of diagnostic criteria: >95th Percentile /NE |
6 |
Dietary and physical exercise intervention, pharmacology Within groups: IG1 (metformin) IG2 (placebo) Between groups |
YES (kg) NE NE NS |
NO | NO | NO |
YES (kg/m2) NE NE NS |
NO |
BW: IG1 and IG2: NE (kg) BMI: IG1: −0.16 ± 1.89 kg/m2 IG2: 0.63 ± 1.29 kg/m2 |
Intervention groups (IG); kilograms (kg); centimeters (cm); body weight (BW); body fat (BF); Fat-free mass (FFM); lean mass (LM); Body Mass Index (BMI); medical Subject Heading (MeSH); metabolic syndrome (MS); study of the analyzed anthropometric parameter (YES); The article does not include its study (NO); not significant (NS); there is a variation of the anthropometric parameter, but this information is not available in the clinical trial evaluated (NE); percentage (%); waist circumference (WC); (1) BF by air displacement plethysmography (kg); (2) BF by DEXA (kg); (3) Median (IQR).