Table 5.

Breath AMS after consumption of the control (raw garlic homogenate) at the standard dose. ^1,2

Test	Meal Protein	Mode	n	Tmax (h)	Cmax (ng/L)	% Cmax at 1 h 3	AUC 4 (ng-h/L)	RF (AUC/AADD)
1a	high	capsules	13	3.1 ± 1.0	54 ± 20	31 ± 28	351 ± 143	6.41 ± 2.62
1b	high	capsules	13	3.5 ± 1.1	47 ± 13	25 ± 16	332 ± 108	6.08 ± 1.97
1 av	high	capsules	13	3.3 ± 0.95 a	51 ± 15 c	28 ± 18 t	342 ± 119 a	6.25 ± 2.17 a
2a	low	capsules	13	2.5 ± 0.6	69 ± 21	34 ± 21	399 ± 142	7.30 ± 2.60
2b	low	capsules	13	2.6 ± 0.6	69 ± 29	49 ± 26	406 ± 162	7.43 ± 2.97
2 av	low	capsules	13	2.6 ± 0.45 a	68 ± 22 c	41 ± 20 t	403 ± 144 a	7.37 ± 2.64 a
2c 2	low	capsules	13	2.7 ± 0.8	51 ± 15	44 ± 24	342 ± 113	6.25 ± 2.07
2 final 5	low	capsules	13	2.6 ± 0.46 c	63 ± 19 n	42 ± 17 c	383 ± 131 n	6.99 ± 2.39 n,6
3 7	low	sandwich	13	1.4 ± 0.8 c	60 ± 20 n	88 ± 13 c	400 ± 157 n	7.31 ± 2.87 n

¹ Standard dose: 1.4 g homogenate from 0.88 g raw garlic (0.35 g dry wt); AADD = 54.7 μmol S-allyl. ² Tests 1a to 2b (four tests) were conducted over a two month period. Tests 2a and 2b were conducted the same month. Test 2c was conducted nine months after tests 2a and 2b. Test 3 was conducted one month after test 2c. Values are mean ± SD (standard deviation). Statistical comparisons (share same letter) were made between (1) capsules consumed with high or low-protein meals (1 av vs. 2 av) and (2) consumption in capsules or sandwich for the low-protein meal (2 final vs. test 3). Designations for significance: n = not significant (p > 0.05); t = trend (p = 0.05–0.1), a = p < 0.05, c = p < 0.001. ³ The % Cmax at 1 h value provides an evaluation of Tmin; the true Tmin is often not known because the first breath sampled after consuming the product was usually taken at 1 h. ⁴ AUC = area under the 32 h concentration curve for breath AMS. ⁵ The standard control: average for all three tests conducted with the low-protein meal in capsules (2a, 2b, 2c). ⁶ The individual average response factor values (RF) for all 13 participants were, from low to high: 2.49, 4.37, 4.80, 4.93, 5.12, 7.31, 7.82, 7.97, 8.10, 8.72, 9.42, 9.90, 9.92 (av 6.99). ⁷ In test 3, the garlic homogenate was placed directly inside the bread and butter sandwich, immediately before consumption, rather than inside capsules.