| 3D | three-dimensional |
| 2D | monolayer culture |
| TEC | tissue-engineered constructs |
| DPSC | dental pulp stem cells |
| DPC | dental pulp cells |
| hDPSC | human dental pulp stem cells |
| PBS | phosphate-buffered saline |
| PCR | polymerase chain reaction |
| TUNEL | terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling |
| OPN | osteopontin |
| BSP | bone sialoprotein |
| OCN | osteocalcin |
| Col 1 | type I collagen |
| FBS | fetal bovine serum |