Table 1.
Pharmacological characteristics of muscarinic receptor antagonists.
| Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists | EC50 (nM) | Emax (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCh | MCh | |||||
| 1 μM (n = 6) | 10 μM (n = 8) | 1 μM (n = 6) | 10 μM (n = 8) | |||
| Mean ± S.D. | 95% CI | Mean ± S.D. | 95% CI | Mean ± S.D. | Mean ± S.D. | |
| Tiotropium | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 2.78–3.82 | 12.5 ± 3.2 * | 9.82–15.18 | 100 | 100 |
| Atropine | 5.7 ± 1.1 | 4.55–6.86 | 17.5 ± 5.9 * | 12.57–22.43 | 100 | 100 |
| Glycopyrronium | 8.2 ± 1.1 | 7.05–9.36 | 19.2 ± 7.1 * | 13.26–25.14 | 100 | 100 |
* p < 0.05 vs. response to 1 μM MCh; Emax: maximal percent inhibition; 95% CI: 95% confidential interval.