Table 4.
Energy, nutrients, and most relevant fatty acid consumed by the women during the pregnancy and lactation period.
| Time of Study | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy/Nutrients/Fatty Acid | 6th Month of Pregnancy | Adequacy (%) Φ | 1st Month of Lactation | Adequacy (%) Φ | 6th Month of Lactation | Adequacy (%) Φ |
| Energy (kcal) | 2721.4 ± 254.5 b,c | 126.9 ± 18.6 b,c | 2157.6 ± 219.3 a | 92.4 ± 8.9 a | 2110.2 ± 231.4 a | 96.2 ± 9.2 a |
| Protein (g) | 97.1 ± 26.6 | 139.6 ± 35.4 | 86.8 ± 29.7 | 121.1 ± 27.5 | 81.4 ± 32.6 | 123.6 ± 27.9 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 442.4 ± 75.8 b,c | 121.8 ± 21.5 b,c | 278.4 ± 61.1 a | 83.1 ± 9.2 a | 261.5 ± 55.9 a | 82.1 ± 8.7 a |
| Fiber (g) | 32.6 ± 12.4 | 116.6 ± 25.8 | 22.3 ± 8.1 | 76.8 ± 14.6 | 25.7 ± 11.7 | 79.6 ± 15.8 |
| Fat (g) | 90.9 ± 31.1 | 129.1 ± 23.5 | 82.0 ± 26.6 | 115.4 ± 16.8 | 86.9 ± 28.4 | 118.7 ± 19.0 |
| SFA (g) | 38.5 ± 4.8 | 154.5 ± 44.3 | 32.6 ± 3.9 | 135.4 ± 33.2 | 34.8 ± 2.8 | 145.1 ± 36.8 |
| MUFA (g) | 24.7 ± 3.7 | 102.2 ± 10.5 | 22.9 ± 2.9 | 95.8 ± 9.9 | 25.7 ± 2.9 | 101.8 ±10.1 |
| PUFA (g) | 25.6 ± 3.1 | 98.3 ± 9.5 | 24.4 ± 7.4 | 101.1 ± 11.4 | 25.3 ± 7.4 | 95.2 ± 10.2 |
| n-3 fatty acid (g) | 2.96 ± 0.92 | 59.4 ± 5.8 | 2.68 ± 0.5 | 61.9 ± 6.8 | 2.75 ± 0.5 | 47.1 ± 5.1 |
| n-6 fatty acid (g) | 22.5 ± 3.23 | 161.8 ± 15.4 | 21.4 ± 2.6 | 155.3 ± 18.9 | 22.4 ± 2.6 | 143.3 ± 14.4 |
| 18:2n-6 (LA) (g) | 18.5 ± 1.27 | 152.2 ± 19.3 | 18.5 ± 2.1 | 168.5 ± 20.3 | 21.1 ± 2.2 | 149.1 ± 14.8 |
| 18:3n-3 (ALA) (g) | 2.78 ± 0.90 | 68.7 ± 10.9 | 2.54 ± 0.4 | 71.4 ± 9.3 | 2.68 ± 0.6 | 59.4 ± 8.5 |
| 20:4n-6 (AA) (g) | 1.57 ± 0.03 | 191.5 ± 23.5 | 1.06 ± 0.02 | 132.5 ± 25.4 | 1.12 ± 0.05 | 145 ± 27.5 |
| 20:5n-3 (EPA) (g) | 0.04 ± 0.01 b,c | 41.4 ± 8.8 b.c | 0.02 ± 0.005 a | 23.8 ± 5.3 a | 0.02 ± 0.005 a | 25.2 ± 5.0 a |
| 22:6n-3 (DHA) (g) | 0.06 ± 0.01 b,c | 30.1 ± 3.8 b,c | 0.04 ± 0.005 a | 20.8 ± 2.5 a | 0.03 ± 0.005 a | 16.9 ± 1.8 a |
| n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio | 7.60 ± 0.61 | ----- | 7.99 ± 0.64 | ----- | 8.15 ± 0.72 | ----- |
Values are shown as the mean ± S.D.; Φ adequacy: (nutrient intake/nutrient daily recommendation) × 100; for this nutrient, energy or fatty acid, the proposed recommendation is “as low possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet”. a: Significantly different from the 6th month of pregnancy; b: significantly different from the 1st month of lactation; and c: significantly different from the 6th month of lactation. The food was organized in nine groups according to the methodology described in the text. One-way ANOVA and Bonferroni test. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) correspond to 6:0, 8:0, 10:0, 12:0, 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 20:0 and 22:0, and 24:0. Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) correspond to 14:1n-5, 16:1n-7, and 18:1, n-9. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) correspond to 18:2n-6, 18:3, n-3, 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3, and 22:6n-3.