Table 2.

Benefits and burdens of limiting treatment to protect against financial risk

	Benefits	Burden
The ill newborn	No direct benefit	The chance of survival decreases, and the newborn is likely to die
The parents	Avoid selling their harvest/seeds Avoid risk of catastrophic health expenditures More resources for food and other necessities	Emotional burden of losing a baby Future productive loss of losing a child Immediate funeral costs, etc. Long-term lost income if the child lived
The other children	More resources for other children: improved nourishment, opportunity to go to school, improved health	Emotional and productive burden of losing a sibling
The health worker	Protecting the family against high costs and financial risk	Moral distress of not providing treatment to the ill newborn Professional stress when not following medical guidelines
Other ill newborns	Indirect: More physcial room and public resources for other ill newborns in the hospital	Indirect: Shape perceptions and practices of (not) seeking treatment for ill newborns
Community members	Friends and neighbours have to lend money to family with ill newborn	Loss of a new child Fear that high costs of treatment might delay care-seeking for others
Society	Avoid further poverty	Loss of one citizen
Policy-makers	Less families experiencing high OOP payments Success in financial risk protection outcomes	Higher newborn mortality rate Lack of success in newborn mortality
International stakeholders	Less poverty cases due to high OOP payments Success in financial risk protection outcomes	Higher newborn mortality rate Lack of success of newborn health programmes or funding

OOP, out of pocket.