Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
| Stage 1 Without ECMO (n=9) | Stage 2 With ECMO (n=14) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Male | 0 (0.0) | 4 (28.6) | .127 |
| Mean age (years) | 65.4 (14.8) | 53.6 (17.7) | .110 |
| BMI | 25.1 (3.1) | 26.0 (4.4) | .577 |
| Smoking | 0 (0.0) | 4 (28.6) | .127 |
| DM | 2 (22.2) | 2 (14.3) | >.999 |
| Hypertension | 4 (44.4) | 3 (21.4) | .363 |
| Cancer | 2 (22.2) | 0 (0.0) | .142 |
| Predisposing factor | |||
| Post orthopedic surgery | 6 (66.7) | 3 (21.4) | .077 |
| Immobility | 3 (33.3) | 5 (35.7) | >.999 |
| Previous DVT | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | .391 |
| Trauma | 0 (0.0) | 2 (14.3) | .502 |
| Cancer | 2 (22.2) | 0 (0.0) | .142 |
| Unknown | 0 (0.0) | 3(21.4) | .253 |
| TTE parameter | |||
| RVSP | 35.1 (28.4) | 42.9 (13.3) | .455 |
| TAPSE | 6.3 (6.2) | 11.9 (4.3) | .027 |
| RV dilation | 7 (77.8) | 13 (92.9) | .538 |
| Chest CT finding | |||
| Proximal PE | 3 (33.3) | 12 (85.7) | .023 |
| Cardiac arrest | |||
| IHCA | 7 (77.8) | 7 (50.0) | .228 |
| OHCA | 1 (11.1) | 4 (28.6) | .611 |
| Cardiogenic shock | 1 (11.1) | 3 (21.4) | >.999 |
| Treatment | |||
| Heparin | 2 (22.2) | 13 (92.9) | .001 |
| LMWH | 2 (22.2) | 0 (0.0) | .142 |
| Urokinase | 4 (44.4) | 1 (7.1) | .056 |
| tPA | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | .391 |
| Surgical embolectomy | 0 (0.0) | 1 (7.1) | >.999 |
| ECG finding | |||
| Asystole | 2 (22.2) | 4 (28.6) | >.999 |
| PEA | 5 (55.6) | 5 (35.7) | .417 |
| VT/V.fib | 1 (11.1) | 2 (14.3) | >.999 |
| Sinus tachycardia | 1 (11.1) | 3 (21.4) | >.999 |
| GCS | 11.1 (5.6) | 6.3 (4.1) | .056 |
| APACHE II score | 22.1 (10.8) | 22.4 (6.9) | .932 |
| Laboratory finding at cardiogenic shock | |||
| pH | 7.2 (0.3) | 7.2 (0.2) | .972 |
| HCO3 (mmol/L) | 14.7 (5.7) | 12.6 (3.1) | .281 |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.3 (0.9) | 4.0 (0.9) | .466 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.6 (1.3) | 1.3 (0.7) | .526 |
| Platelet (×109/L) | 183.0 (86.9) | 175.4 (83.7) | .841 |
| D-dimer | 3.4 (1.7) | 11.6 (12.9) | .148 |
| CK-MB (ng/mL) | 13.1 (14.8) | 6.5 (5.9) | .125 |
| Death in hospital | 7 (77.8) | 8 (57.1) | .400 |
Data are expressed as mean(standard deviation) or N (%); ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; DVT, deep vein thrombosis; TTE, trans-thoracic echocardiography; RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; RV, right ventricle; CT, computed tomography; PE, pulmonary embolism; IHCA, in-hospital cardiac arrest; OHCA, out of hospital cardiac arrest; LMWH, low molecular weight heparin; tPA, tissue plasminogen activator; ECG, electrocardiography; PEA, pulseless electrical activity; VT, ventricular tachycardia; V.fib, ventricular fibrillation; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; CK-MB, creatine kinase MB.