Table 1.

Clinical characteristics of nephrotic syndrome caused by skin-lightening cream.

Cases Ref	13	22	39	44	54	65	76	86	914
Age (y)	21	46	34	44	26	34	37	43	48
Sex	Female	Female	Female	Female	Female	Female	Female	Female	Female
Residence	Africa	Pakistan	Mainland China	Pakistan	Pakistan	Indonesia	Mainland China	Mainland China	South Africa
Diagnosis place	Africa	England	Hong Kong	England	England	Hong Kong	Mainland China	Mainland China	South Africa
Duration of cream use (mo)	24.00	36.00	4.00	Unspecified	Unspecified	60.00	12.00	8.00	96.00
Frequency of cream use	Every day	Every day	Every day	Unspecified	Unspecified	Every day	Unspecified	Unspecified	Unspecified
Renal pathology	MN	MN	MCD	MN	MN	MN	MN	MN	Chronic proliferative glomerulonephritis
24 h Protein (g/d)	10.00	2.20	8.35	Unspecified	9.00	4.90	3.82	3.52	7.00
Times of urine mercury above normal (mo)	Unspecified	Unspecified	5.74	3.00	Unspecified	75.46	12.50	2.25	Unspecified
Times of blood mercury above normal (mo)	Unspecified	Unspecified	2.48	5.00	7.76	3.26	Unspecified	Unspecified	Unspecified
Renal function	Normal	Normal	Normal	Abnormal	Unspecified	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal
Treatment	Unspecified	glucocoticoid	Mercury detoxification	Unspecified	Unspecified	Unspecified	ACEI	ARB	Unspecified
Outcome	Unspecified	Unspecified	Cured	Unspecified	Unspecified	Unspecified	Cured	Cured	Unspecified

MN: Membrane nephropathy, MCD: minimal change disease,[AUTHOR: Please provide the full forms of ACEI and ARB.].