Table 2.

Factors associated with vitamin D deficiency among adolescence in multivariate analysis

Characteristics	Total	Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency		Prevalence ratio (95% CI)		P values
		n	(%)
Gender
Male	694	488	(70.32)	1	(Ref)	<0.001
Female	722	662	(91.69)	1.20	(1.17–1.21)
Age (year)
<12	527	409	(77.61)	1	(Ref)	0.003
12	439	369	(84.05)	1.10	(1.04–1.14)
≥13	450	372	(82.67)	1.07	(1.01–1.12)
Governorate
Capital	156	127	(81.41)	1	(Ref.)	<0.001
Hawally	246	188	(76.42)	0.88	(0.73–1.01)
Farawanya	236	183	(77.54)	0.85	(0.68–0.99)
Jahra	239	214	(89.54)	1.10	(0.98–1.17)
Mubarak Al-Kabeer	148	124	(83.78)	1.06	(0.93–1.14)
Ahmadi	371	296	(79.78)	1.06	(0.95–1.13)
Father’s education
Primary/intermediate/no formal education	236	205	(86.86)	1	(Ref)	<0.009
Secondary (high school)	344	297	(86.34)	1.04	(0.92–1.12)
Diploma	261	220	(84.29)	1.01	(0.88–1.10)
University and above	542	399	(73.62)	0.89	(0.76–1.01)
Passive smoking in household
No	901	704	(78.14)	1	(Ref)	<0.006
Yes	489	426	(87.12)	1.08	(1.02–1.13)
Currently taking supplements
No	1256	1045	(83.20)	1	(Ref)	<0.001
Yes	158	103	(65.19)	0.63	(0.49–0.76)
Consumption of sugary drinks per week
None	171	123	(71.93)	1	(Ref)	0.002
1–3 times	772	633	(81.99)	1.11	(1.05–1.16)
4–6 times	171	135	(78.95)	1.07	(0.96–1.14)
7 or more times	299	256	(85.62)	1.15	(1.08–1.19)
Number of times walking to/from school per week
None	1158	982	(84.80)	1	(Ref)	<0.001
1–8 times	155	99	(63.87)	0.81	(0.68–0.93)
Every day	103	69	(66.99)	0.77	(0.61–0.92)
Body mass index categories*
Normal weight	601	465	(77.37)	1	(Ref)	0.001
Overweight	320	270	(84.38)	1.08	(1.01–1.13)
Obese	471	400	(84.93)	1.12	(1.07–1.16)
Underweight	24	15	(62.50)	0.93	(0.67–1.10)

%s are row percentages.

*According to the WHO growth charts.

Ref, reference.