Figure 5. Forest plot of pooled between-group effect sizes (pain) based on blinding adequacy, for pain assessments in the short-term (24 h to one month; N = 20 group comparisons).

Note: Itoh & Katsumi (2005) and Itoh et al. (2007) each had two eligible sham groups; in both of these trials one group had a non-penetrating (NP) sham and the other had a penetrating (P) sham (labelled accordingly in the figure).